معاشی حالات
ناطق کے معاشی حالات درست نہ تھے۔ یہی وجہ تھی کہ انہوں نے اپنے تعلیمی سفر کے آغاز میں تعلیم کے ساتھ ساتھ مزدوری کے فرائض بھی سر انجام دیے اور اپنے معاشی حالات کی وضاحت کرتے ہوئے مزید بتایا کہ جماعت ہفتم تک ان کے پاؤں میں جوتا نہیں ہوتا تھا۔
Bābā Farīd al-Dīn Ganj-i-Shakar, considered as the first Punjābī Sūfī poet, not only exercised his skill but also conveyed Qur’ānic and Prophetic (PBUH) message through his Punjābī poetry. His poetry is a rich source of Islamic teachings in lingua franca of the Punjab. The research intends to explore that whether the inclusion of his poetry in the Sikh scripture is recognition of Muslim mysticism or the poetry itself. The study attempts to examine the relation of the hymns of Bābā Ṣāhib with the teachings of Holy Qur’ān. Bābā Farīd, because of his high stature as an originator of Punjābī poetry, got a place in Granth Ṣāhib. The goal of this research is to highlight the pivotal position of Bābā Ṣāhib in connecting the two major religions of the world. The paper not only substantiates the historic position of Bābā Ṣāhib but also gives an insight to the services rendered by his poetry in promoting the interfaith harmony in the Sub-continent. This article focuses on Bābā Farīd as a literary and moral Canon, which led his work to be included in Sikh scripture. Moreover, it hints at the nuances of religious tolerance, mutual respect and love for knowledge, which lacks otherwise in a multi-religious society. In this article some of Bābā Ṣāhib’s verses in Granth Ṣāhib will be traced and analysed, taking into account their Qur’ānic interpretations. The comparative and somewhat historical approaches have been adopted to lay out a vivid analysis of his hymns in relation with the verses of the Holy Qur’ān and hence a message is extracted. Thus, he, evidently becoming part of one of the greatest anthologies of Punjābī poetry, attracted a huge outreach. The research question of this article is, whether the Holy Qur’ān is a basic source of Bābā Ṣāhib’s poetry or otherwise. It is strongly recommended that in order to attain actual harmony in our society, Bābā Ṣāhib’s work should be published in Shah-Mukhi script for the contemporary readership.
A taxonomic investigation of Late Miocene artiodactyl fauna of Dhok Pathan, the Middle Siwaliks, Pakistan, was undertaken. Comparative morphometric features of the late Miocene artiodactyls from the locality are studied in this thesis. The late Miocene artiodactyls are presented on the basis of description of abundant material from the Dhok Pathan type locality of the Dhok Pathan Formation, the Middle Siwaliks and the remains increasingly indicate taxonomic diversity. Quantitatively, the taxa of bovids are the most predominant. But cervids, tragulids, giraffids and suids are approximately as common as each other at Dhok Pathan. More than 130 artiodactyl fossil specimens were studied in this thesis from the Dhok Pathan type locality. All the described specimens include Skulls, horn cores, isolated teeth and fragments of maxillae or mandibles. These fossils document twenty three artiodactyl species belonging to fifteen genera and five families. This assemblage includes two new taxa: Miotragocerus large sp. and ?Hydaspitherium sp. Boselaphines, antilopines, reduncines, cervids, tragulids, giraffids and suids are abundant in the locality whereas tragelaphines and alcelaphines are absent. Biogeographically, the late Miocene artiodactyls indicate strong relationships with Eurasian and African late Miocene sites. In this study, paleoenvironmental interpretations of the type locality provide important evidence regarding late Miocene paleoenvironments. Most of these taxa indicate a predominance of woodland to savannah habitat during the deposition of the Dhok Pathan Formation.