تعداد ازواج پر الزامات
اعتراض نمبر۱۴۳
۱: فلپ اسکاف کہتا ہے کہ ان کی تعدد الازواج جنسیت پرستی کے سبب تھی اور اولادِ نرینہ کی خواہش میں عمر کے ساتھ ساتھ شدت آتی گئی۔ ( امہات المومنین اور مستشرقین۶۸)
۲: ’’ول ڈیوراینٹ‘‘ اپنی کتاب ’’ دی ایج آف فیتھ ‘‘ میں انتہائی غیر منصفانہ طور پر پیغمبر کو جنس پرست انسان لکھتا ہے۔
۳: نابیہ ایبٹ اپنی کتاب ’’ عائشہ محبوبہ محمدؐ میں آپ کو جنس پرست بیان کیا ہے ( معاذ اللہ) (حوالا بالا)
جواب:مستشرقین وہ تمام سیاسی، اخلاقی،سماجی وجوہات اور اسباب کو آسانی سے فراموش کر دیتے ہیں جن کی بنیاد پرنبی کریمؐ نے تعدد الازواج کی زندگی بسر کی۔یہ انتہائی اہم بات کہ آپؐ سے قبل اس دنیا میں تشریف لانے والے انبیاء کرام تعدد الازواج کی نہ ہی مخالفت کرتے بل کہ اسے اپنا تے ہیں لیکن مستشرقین سابقہ پیغمبروں پر حرف زنی نہیں کرتے کیوں؟ آپؐ ہی کو نشانہ تنقید بناتے ہیں کیوں؟ اس سے غیر جانب دار اور دانش مند شخص بہ خوبی اندازہ کر سکتا ہے کہ یہ لوگ اسلام اور پیغمبر اسلامﷺ سے کتنی نفرت کرتے ہیں۔ کوئی نبی تعدد الازواج کی نفی نہیں کرتا بل کہ وہ کئی خواتین سے شادیاں کرتے ہیں۔حتیٰ کہ مسیح ؑ کے بارہ میں ہے کہ وہ بھی تعدد الازواج کو روا رکھتے ہیں۔یہ لوگ کسی نبی پر جنس پرستی کا الزام نہیں دھرتے لیکن آپؐ کی ذات کو ایسے بے بنیاد الزام لگا کر معاف نہیں کرتے کیوں؟
اعتراض نمبر۱۴۴
۱۔ مستشرقین اسلام کو شہوانی مذہب سمجھتے ہیں ۔
۲۔ویل ڈیورانٹ پیغمبر اسلام (ﷺ) کو جنس پرست لکھتا ہے ( نقل کفر کفر نباشد ) امہات المومنین اور مستشرقین ۔۶۹)
جواب:اسلامی عقائد اتنے مضبوط اور سکون پرور ہیں کہ جہاں بھی ان کو اختیار کیا گیا وہاں صدیاں بیت گئیں...
The relationship between English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture) and our culture as Muslim Pakistanis has developed over a period of time since the British colonization. The history of this cultural interaction may be divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The strategy adopted in this paper is based upon the argument that this relationship may be traced through some of the most representative figures of our culture, such as, Shibli, Iqbal, Faiz etc. In each phase of this interaction. The present essay on Shibli deals with the first phase of our cultural interaction with English. It adopts what may be termed as an analogical approach to the issue as it intends to engage with what I think to be rather unwarranted psychoanalytic forays of some of our critics into the psycho-dynamics of such culturally representative figures like Shibli in their relationship with English. The paper exploits the analogy first used by Sheikh Muhammad Ikram, and later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a step-mother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of our cultural interaction with the language. Shibli’s terms of engagement with his step-mother, and analogically with English, is the subject of this essay.
Premise of the research- Drought stress perturbs the normal mineral-nutrient relations of plants that lead to reduced plant growth and results significant losses in crop yields. Various plant minerals have been known to be involved in stress amelioration, however reports regarding the effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca2+) on maize (Zea mays L.) under drought are scant. Methodology- A series of laboratory, wire-house and field experiments were conducted. In laboratory experiments eight spring maize hybrids were germinated in petri plates under polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) induced osmotic stress @ -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa, and two water stress levels at 100% water-holding capacity (WHC) and 30% WHC. The wire-house / rain-out shelter study was done to optimize the foliar rate for B and Ca2+ supplies; one drought-tolerant (Dekalb-6525) and sensitive (Yousafwala Hybrid) maize cultivars selected from previous laboratory experiments were sprayed with distilled water (control) and B solutions at 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1 and Ca2+ solutions at 20, 40 and 60 mg L-1 under normal and water-deficit conditions. Furthermore, one drought tolerant and sensitive maize hybrids were sprayed with optimized rate of B (4 mg L-1), Ca2+ (40 mg L-1) and their combinations to evaluate their growth, physiological, biochemical and yield responses under both normal and water deficit conditions in a wire-house and field experiment. Pivotal results- The maize cultivars tested on the basis of germination and seedling growth revealed that cultivar, Dekalb-6525 performed better under water-deficit conditions, therefore categorized as drought-tolerant, whereas Yousafwala Hybrid was identified as drought-sensitive on the basis of its poor performance. Drought stress brings considerable growth inhibition and disturbance in gas exchange characteristics, leaf water relations, light harvesting pigments and osmolyte accumulation by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and imbalancing of antioxidant system. Foliar treatment of B (4 mg L-1), Ca2+ (40 mg L-1) and their combinations considerably improved maize growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll contents, water status as well as activities of antioxidants along with a decline in MDA accumulation in both cultivars under water-deficit conditions. However, optimum mineral nutrient supply markedly reduced accumulation of proline and total soluble proteins. In addition, foliar sprays of Ca2+ and B+Ca2+ substantially improved the content of total free amino acids and total soluble sugars, however B application noticeably reduced their accumulations as compared to control. Drought treatment considerably reduced the uptake of B and Ca2+, whereas foliar sprays of these nutrients alone and in combinations notably increased their concentrations in maize leaf tissues. Considerably improved growth rate, photosynthesis, water status, pigment contents, osmolyte accumulation as well as increased antioxidant activities along with decline in MDA accumulation was found to be key contributors to a stress-tolerant genotype to thrive under limited-water supply. Afterwards in a field study, foliar B and Ca2+ supplies significantly improved the vegetative and reproductive growth of both cultivars and caused improve grain weight and yield. Conclusion- From this study, it was likely to suggest that screening for drought tolerance at initial growth phases and their further improvement by foliar B and Ca supplies are effective approaches to make plants vigorous to thrive under limited water supply.