اندلس میں مسلمانوں کے ادوار حکومت کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ

The golden Islamic history cannot be completed without the mention of Spain which was a bright star. It became one of the great Muslim civilizations; reaching its summit with the Umayyad caliphate of the tenth century. The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulus. Different eras of Muslim rule in Andulus have been described in this research with an aim to highlight their apex and glory they achieved and then a focus on the reasons of their downfall as well. A brief introduction of the rulers in all eras with their major achievements and immersion in evil habits that led to their downfall has been the prime focus of this research. It gives us various glimpses from the course of history to reflect upon Muslim rule in Spain from a new perspective.

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper I Complexes With Thiones

A series of Copper(I) complexes with thiones of the general formula [CuaLbScXd](H2O)e and [CuaLbSc]Xd.(H2O)e (where a = 1 - 6, b = 1 - 6, c = 0 - 6, d = 0 - 6, e = 0 - 1 and X = Cl, Br & I) were prepared and characterized by elemental, IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopic methods. Crystal structures of nine complexes, [Cu(Metu)4]Cl 1, [Cu4(Dmtu)4(S)(μ-S)Cl]Cl.(H2O) 2, [Cu(DeTu)Cl]3 3, [Cu(Metu)4]Br 4, [Cu(Dphtu)2Br]H2O 5, ([Cu(Metu)]I)6 6, [Cu(Mtu)4]I 7, [Cu(Detu)3I] 8 and [Cu(Dbtu)3I]0.6(H2O) 9 were determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. An upfield shift in the >C=S resonance of thiones in 13 C-NMR and downfield shift in the N-H resonance in 1H-NMR were consistent with the sulfur coordination of thiones to Copper(I). The crystal structures of 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9 show that they are monomeric having tetrahedral or distorted tetrahedral geometries at Copper(I) center. The crystal structure of 2 showed that it consists of a tetrameric cationic complex having terminal as well as doubly bridged Dmtu and S ligands. The complex has two kinds of coordination environments around four Copper atoms, a distorted tetrahedral and a trigonal planer. [Cu(Detu)Cl]3 is a trinuclear complex consisting of Cu3S3 six-membered ring possessing chair conformation. The geometry around each Cu center was nearly trigonal planar. In 5, the Cu(I) atom adopts a slightly distorted trigonal planar coordination. The X-ray studies of 6 showed that the complex was hexanuclear consisting of [Metu-Cu-I] units. The geometry around each Cu center was distorted tetrahedral. In all these complexes intra or/and intermolecular hydrogen bonding is present in 2-D or 3-D network. The antimicrobial activities of Copper(I) bromide complexes were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and they showed wide range of activity against the test isolates.