The main objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of internal as well as external factors, differences among demographic attributes of respondents and dig out the most dominant factor influencing university sport in public and private universities of KP, Pakistan. The researcher formulated 20 hypotheses to explore the objectives of the study. Male and female athletes and director sport of the public and private sector universities were taken as population. A representative sample of 20% was taken from both the male and female athletes whereas entire population comprising of 31 director sports from both the public and private sector universities were taken according to Gay (1985) formula. A representative sample of 702 was selected through convenient sampling technique in which male and female athletes were 671 and 31 director sport. A self-developed questionnaire was used for the collection of data. The process of validity, pilot testing, and reliability was made accordingly. The questionnaire was personally distributed among all the respondents. The total 85% returned responses were recorded (573 out of 702) among them, 546 were male and female athletes, and 27 directors sport. The returned responses were analyzed with help of SPSS version 20 and Micro soft Excel. In the first stage the researcher has used the descriptive statistics which indicated the frequencies, percentages, and mean of the responses. Secondly the researcher used inferential statistics to check the formulated hypotheses. The linear Regression was used to check the effect of independent variables upon dependent variable; t-test was used to check the difference between the demographics of the respondents and ANOVA was used to dig out the most dominant among the internal and external factors. On the bases of analyses of data, findings of the study were drawn. The data revealed that all the internal and external factors exist in both type of universities and they have significantly been affecting the university sport both in public and private sector universities of KP, Pakistan(P>0.05). However, the effects of the entire internal and external factors were found greater in private sector universities as compare to public sector universities. In respect of dominant factors among the internal and external factors, both in public and private sector universities, it was concluded that improper coaching and training facilities and academic engagement of the athletes were found the most dominant among the internal factors and family influence among external factors influencing sport in both public and private sector universities of KP, Pakistan. It is recommended that the concerned authorities may ensure the availability of all the facilities to the university athletes to enhance the participation of the students in sport activities at university level.
This article is an attempt to know about “The Succeeds of Guru Nanak and Their Significance in the Development of Sikhism. There have been nine Succeeds of Guru Nanak in the history of Sikhism. They took significant role in the field of development of Sikhism. It has been studied the major works of these succeeds in this articles. It throws light on the methodology and strategies of the succeeds of Guru Nanak in their reign. Gurdwara panja sahib is one of the holiest places in Sikhism which is believe hold a rock hand print of Guru Nanak. Every year, hundreds and thousands of pilgrims from various parts of the world, especially India and rural areas of Sindh, visit this temple to offer religious rituals in Connection with various occasion like Rakhi, Besakhi, Birth and death anniversary of Guru Nanak Ddev, Joti Jott Mela, death anniversary 05th Guru of Sikhism Guru Arjun Dev. And last emperor of Punjab Maharaja Ranjeet Singh. The lager (holy Food) served at the temple is part of the teachings of Guru Nanak dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism.
Background: Metabolic syndrome comprises of a set of aggregated risk factors that include: hypertension, central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C (1)The is a noted increase in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome cardiovascular risk factors in the HIV population.
Methods: The study is a cross-sectional survey that enrolled 157 HIV positive patients over a 4 month period that were either newly diagnosed (HIV ART naïve) or were on ART from both the inpatient and outpatient setting. Data of their anthropometric, cardiovascular risk factors and clinical characteristics were collected with the aid of a standardized questionnaire and serum biochemical testing was done in the fasted state. The data obtained was used to determine the presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome in the two populations using the NCEP ATP III criteria and their 10 year risk of adverse cardiovascular outcome using the WHO/ISH AFRI E score.
Results: The mean age of the study participants was 46 years S.D (9.3). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 23.75% and 11.69% in the ART arm and ART naïve arm respectively. Majority of the patients were in the low risk category as calculated by the WHO/ISH AFRI E score 89.61% vs. 91.25% in the naïve and ART arms respectively. 6.49% and 3.89% in HIV ART naïve arm were distributed in the moderate and very high risk categories as compared 6.25% and 2.5% in the HIV ART arm.
Conclusions and recommendations: Metabolic syndrome was found to be more prevalent in the HIV ART arm as compared to the naïve arm although the difference did not reach a statistically significant level. Majority of the individuals as by WHO/ISH AFRI E risk score in both arms were found to be in the low risk category and thus would greatly benefit from diet and lifestyle modification to avert the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and subsequent cardiovascular disease..