92. Al-Layl/The Night
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
92:01
a. By the night when it covers,
92:02
a. and the daylight when it reveals its brightness.
92:03
a. And the One WHO created the male and the female.
92:04
a. Indeed, your endeavors in this life are diverse.
92:05
a. Consequently, as for the one who:
- gives out in the Cause of Allah, and
- fears Allah’s disobedience, and
92:06
a. affirms what is good/the best outcome of the righteous.
92:07
a. WE shall facilitate his way towards the state of ease- the paradise.
92:08
a. But as for the one who:
- is miserly with what is due to Allah, and
- considers oneself above the need of HIS bounties, and
92:09
a. denies and belies what is beautiful/the best,
92:10
a. for him WE shall facilitate the way towards the state of hardship - distress of Hell.
92:11
a. And his amassing of wealth will not benefit him when he perishes.
Surah 92 * Al-Layl 741
92:12
a. Surely, it is upon US to guide,
92:13
a. and, indeed, to US belong the end of this life and the beginning of the next life.
92:14
a. So I warn you all of a Blazing Fire,
92:15
a. which none will experience it except the most wretched of all people:
92:16
a. the one who would persistently deny and belie...
As the courts are not in a stance to hold up the entire load of the judicial system, multitudinous contentions impart themselves to settlement by alternative methods such as arbitration, conciliation, mediation, negotiation, etc. The Alternative dispute resolution processes not only lay out procedural pliability but also save valuable time & money and eschew the tensity of a conventional trial. Nearly all the discords involving civil, labour, commercial, and family strife, wherein the parties are capacitated to wind up a resolution, can be resolved by an alternative dispute resolution system. Alternate dispute resolution methods have also been evinced to operate in the business environment, principally in respect of disputation comprising intellectual property, securities, real estate, construction projects, joint ventures, partnership differences, personal injury, professional liability, product liability, contract interpretation and performance and insurance coverage. To dwindle the logjam of cases, there is a crucial need to organize and encourage alternate dispute resolution services for the settlement of both national and international conflicts. These services require to be nutrified on sound notions, prowess in their application and comprehensive and contemporary provisions. Although ADR has proven to be an efficacious mechanism as it has provided a congenial atmosphere, a less formal and less complicated forum for copious disputes, due to lack of awareness of its quiddity at the ground root level has abrupted its quantum leap. This paper aims to provide the gist of ADR concerning India by focusing on its purpose, advantages and disadvantages, (fruitful) modes of conflict resolution, highlighting the importance of Lok Adalat, significance and effectiveness of ADR in conflict resolution and ways to overcome the persisting deficiencies.
Human development has always been an area which attracted the attention of many educationists and educational psychologists as it has great impact on education and teaching training. A wealth of research has been conducted from various angles and perspectives in these areas of educational interests. The present study also aimed to investigate care and justice orientations among university students to test Gilligan’s theory in order to find out difference in care and justice orientations of male and female students. Research increasingly suggests that there are limitations to Kohlberg''s theory of moral development. Gilligan, in particular, has observed that Kohlberg''s theory considers abstract principled reasoning as the highest level of moral judgment, and penalizes those who focus on the interpersonal ramifications of a moral decision. Gilligan calls these orientations as justice and care orientations. She asserted that a woman''s sense of moral development came from connections to other people, rather than separation from them. Her purpose was to find a second dimension for female moral reasoning by showing that previous studies were done predominately with males in mind. The present study therefore sought to test her theory in Pakistan by using the Moral Justification Scale, developed by Baker and Roll (2000), an objective measure of both orientations. The objectives of the study were to measure the care and justice orientations among university students and to compare male and female students on both orientations in order to test Gilligan’s theory. It was hypothesized that there was no significant difference between mean care orientation and justice orientation scores of male and female students of the university and there was no significant difference between mean justice orientation scores of male and female students.The population of the study consisted of the 1300 students (566 male and 734 female) of University of Wah (Pakistan). A sample of 100 students, 50 male and 50 female students, was randomly selected as a sample from the students willing to participate in the study. The Moral Justification Scale was adapted according to Pakistani culture and individually administered on university students who were asked to read each dilemma carefully and respond to the statements given at the end of each dilemma. The collected data were scored, and the groups were compared by using the statistical techniques of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, degree of overlapping and t-test. The level of significance for testing the null hypotheses was preset at .05. The study results showed that female students as whole were more care oriented than male students while both genders did not clearly differ on justice orientation. The evidence from this psychological research has shown that females were more likely to appeal to principles of care when examining the moral imperative when determining what one ought to do. Though, both males and female used the ethic of justice and care; females were found to view the interpersonal issues of a situation as more important. Male students, on the average, were not found to be that much justice oriented in their moral judgments, as females were inclined toward care orientation. However, 14 % male students were ahead of average girl students in care orientation. The study thus partially supports Gilligan’s theory.