This study was conducted to critically analyze the development of female education at Secondary School level in the pro\''cnance of Sindh from 1947 to 1990. The parameters of development used for analysis are increase in the number of schools, enrollment of students, number of trained teachers, availability of in service training for teachers, physical condition of school buildings, provision of science laboratories and equipment, availability of libraries and books, provision of vocational and technical education. conveyance facilities, residential facilities for oul orma students, and provision for co-curricular activities. Survey research method was used in the study 10 collect data, get information and critical views and opinions from a sample of Teachers, Students and District Education Officers of all the 19 districts of the province of Sindh. The tools of the survey rescarch used were open and closc ended questionnaires, interviews, factual infonnation obtained from the official documents of the Directorate of education, and personal visits to the schools by the researcher. The findings of the research study show, that there were only 5 secondary schools for girls in the province in 1947. This number increased to 366 in 1990, out of these 304 are in urban areas as compared to only 62 in rural areas. The number of girl students in these school in 1990 was 11392 in rural schools and 187036 in urban areas. The study also points to the fact that there is a provision of one trained teacher for an average of 26 students. This presents an encouraging picture. However there are more trained teachers working in urban area schools than in rural areas secondary schools. Majority of the teachers agreed that due to the de\"elopmental disparities between rural and urban areas in the province they arc not willing to work in rural area schools some of which even lack medical facilities, clear water and means of transportation. Majority of the schools working in rural areas do nOI offer science and Agro-technicai subjects making it impossible for the female students of these localities to avail of the facilities. This research study confirms that the tradition of having only literacy oriented type general education imparting secondary schools and administrator structural system has been so strong thaI nol much could be achieved from the reforms and invocations introduced by the government from time to time. Much of the schemes failed becausc they could not be implemented in true sense due to the unwillingness of Ihe administrators or lack of enthusiasm on the part of teachers, parents, or member local community. As such the targets for quantitative and qualitative development of female secondary education from 1947 to 1990 could not be achieved in full.
رضاعی مائوں پر ایک بحث حضرت برکہ ( ام ایمن) علامہ جلال الدین سیوطی الخصائص الصغری میں ام ایمن کے متعلق لکھتے ہیںکہ انہوں نے حضور کو دودھ پلا یا۔ ( ۲) میاں محمد صدیقی نے سیرت حلبیہ کے حوالے سے لکھا ہے کہ دودھ پلانے والیوں میں ام ایمن کا نام بھی لیا جاتا ہے ۔ (۳) عبدالمصطفی محمد اشرف نے لکھا کہ عبد الحق محدث دہلوی ‘ شبلی نعمانی اور قاضی محمد سلیمان منصور پوری کی کتب اس بارے میں خاموش ہیں آخر میں عجیب بات لکھی ہے کہ بہرحال ہم نے ام ایمن کا نام لکھ دیا ہے کہ اگر وہ واقعی اس شرف کی حامل ہے تو ہم کسی کا حق کیوں ماریں ؟ مخالف آراء اور تحقیق سیرت نگاری کے حوالے سے اہل ایمان کو قلم نہایت محتاط طریقے سے استعمال کرنا چاہیے کیونکہ ذرا سی بے احتیاطی کیا سے کیا کچھ بنا دیتی ہے نیز ایک شخص کی بے احتیاطی ایک راستہ فراہم کرتی ہے اور دیگر حضرات بغیر سوچے سمجھے اور تحقیق و تفتیش کیے بغیر اچک لیتے ہیں اور بغیر کسی سند اور معتبر حوالہ کے لکھتے اور بیان کیے جاتے ہیں ۔ مثال کے طور پر اوپر میاں محمد صدیقی نے سیرت حلبیہ کے حوالے سے لکھا کہ دودھ پلانے والیوں میں ام ایمن کا نام بھی لیا جاتا ہے جبکہ حلبی نے تردید والی بات کی ہے جسے میاں صدیقی گول کر گئے ہیں ۔ عمر رضا کہالہ مشہور ماہر انساب نے مستدرک حاکم ‘ الاصابہ ازابن حجر ‘ تہذیب التہذیب از ابن حجر ‘ الاستیعاب از ابن عبدالبر التہذیب ازذہبی اور المجتنبی از ابن جوزی کے حوالہ سے حضرت برکہ بنت ثعلبہ کا ذکر کیا ہے اس ذکر میں انہیں پرورش اور خدمت کرنے والی کہا گیا ہے ۔ عبدالمصطفی محمد اشرف لکھتے ہیں...
Almost all business operations that are now taking place in the economy may be impacted by recent changes in the macroeconomic indicators of the nation. Thus, the study' s objective was to assess the effect of particular macroeconomic factors on Pakistan' s banking performance. For a period of 13 years, the study tracked data from all active commercial banks in Pakistan (2006-2018). Results were obtained using multiple linear regression and correlation analyses on EViews. According to correlation findings, there was no connection between the exchange rate and NIM or ROE. All other factors.
In a quest to discover new formulations for the treatment of various parasitic diseases, a series of triorganobismuth(v) biscarboxylates of type [R3Bi(O2CR′)2] have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their biological potential. The organic moiety R in the organometallics represents Ph for (1-10) and CH3-Ph for (11-22) whereas R′ represent the respective carboxylate ligands used. All the synthesized complexes were fully characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C) NMR spectroscopy and single crystal Xray analysis. The crystal structures for (1-6, 8, 10, 18) have been ascertained and confirmed distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry, being monomeric with seven/five coordinated bismuth center as predicted by IR data. The synthesized complexes (1-21) when screened for antibacterial, antifungal and antileishmanial activity, demonstrated a moderate to significant potential against these microorganisms. Enzyme inhibition data for these complexes also proved to be convincing enough to signify the biological importance of these compounds. A limited Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) has been developed, demonstrating that triphenylbismuth derivatives exhibit higher biological activities in general as compared to tritolyl bismuth derivatives. Two new bismuth-oxido Carboxylate clusters (23, 24) have been synthesized including the outcome of a structurally unprecedented Bi12 Carboxylate cluster that is the first of its own kind. Both these were fully characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear(1H, 13C) NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The triphenylbismuth(III) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFAH) were reacted in toluene in the presence of Ag2O to generate the hetronuclear compound with formulation as; {[Bi4(μ3- O)2(TFA)9Ag(tol)2]2} (25) (tol = PhMe). Similarly, BiPh3, TFAH, PPh3, and Ag2O were reacted in hexane to form [Bi4(μ3-O)2(TFA)10(AgPPh3)2]n (26). Both are comprised of {Bi4(μ3-O)2} units that have been previously observed with a variety of carboxylate ligands in neutral compounds and anionic compounds. In contrast to other anionic [Bi4(μ3- O)2(TFA)N](N-8)- with metal-based counter cations, the Ag+ ions in (25) and (26) are directly attached to oxygen atoms of the TFA- ligands bonded to the bismuth core. A crystallographic evolution was observed for (25). Solvent-rich orthorhombic crystals grew initially upon standing. However, by three weeks all crystals had converted to a triclinic unit cell that contained no free solvent. Therefore molecular volume decreased from 3146.11 Å3 (orthorhombic) to 2954.06 Å3 (triclinic) resulting in formation of (25). The latter (25) possessed an intermolecular π- π stacking system between silver- and bismuth-bound toluene molecules, which explains the reorganization to a non-solvated morphology. The compound (26) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 as a coordination polymer through bridging xiv carboxylates. The presence of the PPh3 ligands on Ag+ results in a higher Ag:Bi stoichiometry than for (25). The importance of the Ag2O in generating the oxido ligands was confirmed by the isolation of {[Bi2(TFA)6(TFAH)(tol)]2}n (27) from the reaction of BiPh3 with TFAH in toluene in absence of the metal oxide. A unique and previously unknown hexanitratobismuth(III) anion, [Bi(NO3)6]3− is reported for 28; [Co{HC(MeCO)2(MeCNH)}2][Bi(NO3)6]. To further explore the potential application of another main group metal, germanium, a series of substituted dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione derivatives (29-36) have been synthesized using a facile and modified procedure with triphenylgermyl propionate as a catalyst. In comparison with the classical Biginelli reaction, this new protocol has the advantages of excellent yield and shorter reaction times. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, multinuclear (1H/13C) NMR spectroscopy and single crystal XRD analysis. Molecular docking studies were performed to identify the probable binding modes of potent inhibitors in the active site of the enzymes human topoisomerase II alpha (4FM9) and Helicobacter pylori urease (1E9Y). The compound (31) was evaluated to be the most potent inhibitor according to the molecular docking scores and molecular dynamic simulations which suggest it can be further processed as a lead molecule to interpret the pharmacological properties of such type of compounds.