Title: A critical study of the use of educational technology at secondary school level in Pakistan: A case study of the province of NWFP. Pages: Researcher: Supervisor: University: Year: Subject: Degree: 323 Sajjad Hayat Akhtar Prof. Dr. Parveen Munshi University of Sindh 2009 Education Ph.D The study looked into a descriptive research to evaluate the use of educational technology at secondary school level in Pakistan. The study has defined the availability, usefulness, problems, emerging trends and status of educational technology. The main focus of the study is the utilisation and availability of educational technology. Data was collected through survey and questionnaires. Main objectives of the study were to determine the availability, usefulness, problems, emerging trends and status of educational technology. To achieve these objectives, the researcher has analysed and synthesised the data for testing the following null hypotheses. Hypotheses: 1. There is no significant difference in the status of the provision of educational technology at secondary schools in rural as well as urban areas in NWFP. 2. There is no significant difference in the problems/ issue of the educational technology at secondary schools in rural as well as urban areas in NWFP. 3. There is no significant difference in the scope and opportunities of educational technology at secondary schools in rural as well as urban areas in NWFP. 4A vast literature review was conducted on the secondary school record as well as on the related educational technology literature. The researcher administered three different self-assessment questionnaires on sampled principals, teachers and students at secondary level. For demographic profile percentages were used to compare the frequencies of the responses. Chi square was applied to measure the availability, usefulness, emerging trends, utilization and status of educational technology. Sampling errors was calculated to judge the adequacy of the sample. The data revealed o The focus of varied educational technology revealed that radio and television are not accessible as a medium of instruction in rural as well as urban areas. o It was found that the teachers do not make effective use of educational technology in rural areas. o It was observed that the educational technology is not available for technical subject both in rural as well as urban areas. o It was found that teachers are not using audio cassettes for drama, documentaries and group discussion in rural as well as urban areas. o The study identified that computer is not available both in rural as well as urban areas. o It was examined that computer mediated communication is not available as a medium of instruction in rural as well as urban areas. o It was also revealed that internet is not available in rural as well as urban areas. o It was found that computer mediated communication is not used for counselling and science subjects both urban as well rural areas. o It was found that overhead projector is not used in rural as well as urban areas. o The students were confronted with the problems that the teachers do not use flash card, felt board, static model, sectional model, slides, opaque projectors and models in rural as well as urban areas. o It was found that the teachers do not send their recommendations about the subjects to higher authorities in rural as well as urban areas. o In the same way that the syllabus is frequently being revised both in rural as well as urban areas. 5o It was also found that the teachers have no chances for refreshers courses both in rural as well as urban areas. o It was discovered that enough places are not available for the use of educational technology. o It was found the educational exhibition are not frequently arranged both in rural as well as urban areas. The study recommends: Educational technology should provide for technical subjects. Teachers may send their recommendation about the subjects to higher authorities. Refresher courses may be arranged both for rural as well as urban areas teachers. Besides, educational exhibition may be arranged both for rural as well as urban areas. Adequate coordination between teachers and students may be provided both urban as well as rural areas. Teachers and principal’s participation may be ensured in policy making. The provision of trained educational technology teachers may be ensured. The sufficient budget may be allocated for educational technology. The head of the institutions may be authorised to purchase educational technology equipment. Television channel may be launched for secondary students. Computer must be compulsory for each student. Computer subjects may be included as a compulsory subject at secondary level. Student’s advisory service may be provided to each student at secondary level. All the elements of instructional technology must be ensured in each and every school.
ناطق ایک انوکھا ادیب ہے،جس کا شمار ان عصری ادب کے ادیبو ں میں ہوتاہے جنہوں نے اپنے عصری دور کو اپنے متاثر کن کام سے حیران کیا ہے،جو تہذیب اور تاریخ کی ایسی منظر کشی کرتے ہیں کہ پڑھنے والا دنگ رہ جاتا ہے۔اردو ادب میں ناطق کا کام حیرت زدہ کرنے والا ہے۔کیونکہ وہ حقیت اور کہانی کے پیچیدہ پہلوؤں کو لے کر سامنے آتا ہے۔ان کی غیر مطبوعہ کتب درج ذیل ہیں:’’کوفے کا مسافر(ناول)‘‘ناطق نے اپنے لکھنے کا آغاز شاعری سے کیا، نظم لکھنا سب سے پہلے شروع کی۔ان کی ادبی تخلیقات کا مختصراًجائزہ کچھ یوں ہے۔
Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani was one of the prominent religious personalities who made efforts for islamization in Pakistan. So far as the major slogan in 1946 elections were to have a separate homeland of the Muslims where they may be able to live according to the Islamic values. It means Islam was the real power behind the struggle for Pakistan in 1947. After the making of Pakistan a religious scholar Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani presented his services for isalmization in Pakistan as in this respect he had a unique role for the enforcement of Islamic system in Pakistan. Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani wants to see the constitution of Pakistan to be the leading document towards religious state. In this respect Allama Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani made critical efforts for designing the constitution of Pakistan which was finally approved by the Constitutional Assembly of Pakistan.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between managerial practices of the head of educational institutions and the organizational citizenship behavior of teachers. The study was carried out to achieve three objectives: (a) To analyze the existing managerial practices of secondary school heads, (b) to study the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of teachers of secondary schools and (c) to investigate the relationship between managerial practices and OCB of secondary school teachers. In order to achieve set objectives, following research questions were designed: 1. How do heads of the secondary schools exercise their managerial practices with regard to Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Conscientiousness? 2. How do the teachers of secondary schools play their role in the context of Altruism, Conscientiousness/Generalize compliance, Sportsmanship Courtesy and Civic Virtue? 3. What is the relationship between managerial practices of Secondary school heads and OCB of teachers? The population of the study comprised of all (1618) Heads and (21780) teachers of Secondary Schools of KPK. Multistage sampling technique was used. There are six divisions in the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Divisional headquarter of each division was selected as sample. From each district thirty four (Ten male urban, ten female urban, seven male rural and seven female rural) were chosen as a sample. In this way total sample for the study was 204 schools from six districts. For the purpose of collection of data two questionnaires based on five points Likert scale were developed, one each for heads and one for teachers. Questionnaires were distributed among head and three teachers from each school. Questionnaire for heads comprised of forty five (45) items covering necessary aspects of managerial skills and questionnaire for teachers also consisted forty five (45) items based upon organizational citizenship behavior. Data was collected by the researcher himself by visiting each and every sample school. The collected data was tabulated and analysed by using SPSS version 16. Mean, standard deviation, correlation, ANOVA and regression were used for analyses. Findings of the study show that at present heads of the institutions are using dominance, influence, steadiness and conscientiousness (DISC) model to some extent in an informal way and teachers are aware with different aspects of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The study also revealed that there is a strong relationship between managerial skills of heads and organizational citizenship behavior of teachers. On the bases of research findings, it has been concluded that the Heads of the secondary schools perform four basic managerial skills i.e. dominance, influence, steadiness and conscientiousness while interacting with Teachers’ OCB, in order to execute different administrative as well as teaching tasks. At the end, the researcher made some recommendations.