Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are a special class of networks which lack infrastructure components. In the current scenario practical realization of such networks is carried out by using Internet Protocol (IP) based architecture which was proposed four decades ago for infrastructure based fixed networks. Researchers have pointed out a number of technical problems in the IP based architecture, even when it is applied in infrastructure based networks like support for mobility, multi-homing, dual/overriding role of IP address, etc. Due to such problems contemporary researchers are proposing number of alternative architectures for replacing the IP based architecture. When Ad hoc networks like MANETs are realized by IP based architecture, multitude of technical problems will be required to be addressed. Along with the inherent deficiencies of IP based architecture some new issues specific to the ad hoc scenario like IP address auto-configuration, naming and name resolution, etc will also be required to be addressed. It is argued that application of IP based architecture for realizing ad hoc networks, especially MANETs, will require fulfillment of numerous challenging requirements and patches. Due to such technical issues ad hoc networking has extremely limited realization in real world applications. There exists number of constraints of IP based networking when it is applied in the ad hoc networking context. As an attempt to address such constraints an alternative architecture with the name ID based ad HOC NETwork (IDHOCNET) is proposed. Even though IDHOCNET is a non IP based architecture, it additionally supports all IP based applications. Almost all the research on ad hoc networking scenarios relies on simulation work. Simulation based validation hides many real-world issues of the system. Considering this aspect, the approach of prototype implementation has been adopted for the proof of concept of the proposed architecture. IDHOCNET gives solution to problems like IP address autoix of configuration, naming and name resolution and provides ease of implementation of ad hoc networks. Ad hoc networks are inherently bandwidth constrained. Therefore, in the pursuit of bandwidth conservation, IDHOCNET further provides a novel implementation of a multi-hop header compression scheme. Moreover, IDHOCNET provides implementation details of a novel application class which is called as ID based applications. A number of experiments have been conducted to demonstrate IP and ID based applications execution on a real multi-hop testbed. IDHOCNET data forwarding mechanisms is compared with traditional IP based ad hoc networks. It is observed that the bandwidth required for IDHOCNET is less than the traditional IP based implementation. Moreover, additional bandwidth is saved when header compression is applied in data forwarding. Hence the proposed architecture contributes significantly to efficient ad hoc network realization.
پروفیسر جگن ناتھ آزاد ایک شریف اور باکمال انسان ۲۴؍ اگست ۲۰۰۴ء کو ملک کے مایہ ناز شاعر و ادیب، مشہور محقق و نقاد، اقبالیات کے ماہر اور اس کے پایہ شناس جناب جگن ناتھ آزاد اردو دنیا کو سوگوار اور مغموم چھوڑ کر چلے گئے، وہ اردو، اردو ثقافت، ملک کی گنگا جمنی تہذیب، فرقہ وارانہ ہم آہنگی، رواداری، وسیع المشربی اور بھائی چارگی کے علم بردار تھے، ان کی وفات پر کن کن چیزوں کا نوحہ و ماتم کیا جائے۔ جگن ناتھ آزاد صاحب ۱۵؍ دسمبر ۱۹۱۸ء کو مغربی پنجاب (پاکستان) کے شہر عیسیٰ خیل میں پیدا ہوئے جو ضلع میان والی کی ایک تحصیل تھا، ان کے والد پنڈت تلوک چند محروم پیشے کے اعتبار سے معلم تھے مگر خاندانی شرافت اور کمال کے ساتھ ایک صاحب ذوق اور بڑے قادر الکلام شاعر تھے، ان کا شمار اردو کے استاد شعرا میں ہوتا تھا، آزاد صاحب کو علم و ادب کا فطری ذوق تھا جس کو ان کے والد کی صحبت و تربیت نے بہت چمکا دیا تھا، ان کی ابتدائی تعلیم عیسیٰ خیل میں ہوئی، میانوالی سے میٹرک کا امتحان پاس کیا، ۱۹۳۵ء میں ڈی اے وی کالج راولپنڈی سے انٹرمیڈیٹ کیا اور ۱۹۳۷ء میں گارڈن کالج راولپنڈی سے بی اے کیا، ۱۹۴۴ء میں پنجاب یونیورسٹی لاہور سے فارسی میں ایم، اے کیا۔ وہ شروع ہی سے صحافت سے وابستہ رہے جب وہ انٹر کررہے تھے تو کالج میگزین کی ادارت ان کو سپرد کی گئی، اسی زمانے سے مضامین بھی لکھنے لگے تھے، نظم گوئی کی ابتدا اس سے بھی پہلے ہوچکی تھی، ان کا پہلا مقالہ ’’اقبال کی منظر نگاری‘‘ کے عنوان سے میاں بشیر احمد کے مشہور ادبی ماہنامہ ’’ہمایوں‘‘ لاہور میں چھپا، ۱۹۴۱ء میں ماہنامہ ’’ادبی دنیا‘‘ لاہور کی مجلس ادارت میں شامل ہوئے، ۱۹۴۶ء میں اردو روزنامہ...
Considering the context of this sermon one can see how Hazrat has adapted to the general tendencies of society. Where people are completely immersed in worldlinees. Today our situation is that every one is engaged in the pursuit of wealth and the worldliness has become the target of all. Hazrat Ali (RA) introduced the Quran as a guide in such a case. Calling Quran the book of life, he called it a solution of all the problems of the human society.
Latentfingerprintsaretheimpressionsofpartialridgesleftonthesurfaceofobjects touched unintentionally at crime scenes and constitute a valuable source of evidence in law enforcement agencies to helpsolve crimes. However,majority of the processing (marking regionof interest(ROI),singularpoints(SP),orientationfieldandminutiaepoints)for latentprintsidentificationisdonemanuallybyforensicexperts.Theexistingmethods involve forensicexpertstomanually markthe featuresin latentandtheninput ittothe systemforautomaticmatchingwithreferenceprints.Thematcherreturnsalistof candidates thatare manuallycheckedbyexperts totake final decision.Thepracticeof manuallymarkingfeaturesinlatentsislaborious,timeconsumingandhumandependent whichmayresultsinwrongidentification.Thereforethereisaneedtoautomatethis process to avoid aforesaidconstraints. This thesis describes an automatedapproach of segmentation andenhancement for latent fingerprints identification.Currently,afew attemptshavebeenmade inthisrespectand still remain a challenging problem due to: (i) poor quality, (ii) small friction ridge area,(iii) presence of non-linear distortion,(iv) blurringor smudging,and(v) complexbackground noise. In this research, an algorithm for automated segmentation of latent fingerprints is proposed. The latent image datais classifiedintoclusters using K-means clustering techniquewhich results in pixels having similar characteristicsto fit in one cluster (foreground) while pixels having opposite characteristicsto other cluster (background).Tophat filtering is appliedto enhance the clustered data and mask is generated on the basis of this enhanced information. Segmentation is achievedby applying thegenerated maskon latent image.The proposed algorithm forsegmentationof latent fingerprintsisautomatedwithout anysortof human involvement.Performanceofproposedalgorithmisevaluatedbycomputingthemissed detection rate (MDR) and false detection rate (FDR) and comparison of proposed method withotherexistingalgorithmsisdone.SimulationresultsonNISTSD-27(databaseof latentfingerprintimagescontaining258latentfingerprintsalongwiththeirmatedrolled prints)showsignificantperformanceenhancementofproposedmethodhavingaverage MDR and FDR of 4.77% and 26.06% respectively. Furthermore, subjective comparison is made usingvisual segmentation reliability(VSR)which istheratioof intersectional area ofautomated and ground truthlatent to manually marked segmented latent. VSR approaches to 90% for good quality images, 70-80% for bad quality images and 50-60% for ugly qualityimages.Matchingperformance isimprovedwhen thesegmentedinputis applied to commercial-off-the-shelf(COTS tenprint)matcherascompared with un- segmentedinput. Another contribution of proposed research is towards the enhancement of latent fingerprints. Enhancement of segmented latent isperformed using Gabor filter bank. It has five image-dependent-parameterslikeorientation ∅ ,standarddeviations ?�and ?�ofthe Gaussian function,timeperiodTandthe convolutionmasksize.Theselectionof these parametersplaysacrucial roleinfingerprintenhancementspecificallytheorientation∅ andstandarddeviation ?� and ?� .Thelatentimageis dividedintoblocks of WxW centered at pixel (i,j)and gradients ��� and ��� along x-axis andy-axis are computedby applying Sobel operator at everypixel.Orientation ∅ is computedon the basis ofthese computed gradients. Ridge frequency F(i, j) is estimated by calculating the grey level value of each pixel, housed in the block, and is projected in a direction perpendicular to the local ridgeorientationandridgespacingS(i,j).Animprovementinfrequencyestimationis achievedbyintroducingGaussianlowpassfilterthatminimizesthenoiselevels.Ridge orientation ∅ and frequency F(i, j) is used to design an even-symmetric Gabor filter. Spatial convolution of thelatentfingerprint withGaborfilter isperformedtogenerateenhanced latentimage.SimulationresultsonNISTSD-27showthatimprovementinmatchingis increased 11% in comparison toautomatedlatent fingerprint segmentation and enhancementalgorithmby Zhang et al in 2013.