8. Al-Anfal/The Spoils of War
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
08:01
O The Prophet!
They ask you about the spoils of war to whom do they belong?
Tell them:
‘The spoils of war belong to Allah and The Messenger Muhammad.
So be mindful of Allah in reverence, awe, and piety, and
in case of disputes resolve them amicably and maintain good relations among yourselves.
And obey Allah and HIS Messenger, if you are true believers.’
08:02
Indeed, the true believers are those whose hearts fill up with awe whenever they are
reminded of Allah,
and whose faith is further strengthened whenever HIS Messages are recited out to them,
and who put their trust in their Rabb - The Lord to take care of their affairs.
08:03
It is they who establish the Salat/Prayers,
and spend in the Cause of Allah of what WE provide for them.
08:04
It is they – they are the true believers.
For them are high ranks of honor and dignity with their Rabb - The Lord,
as well as forgiveness of sinful trespasses, and
generous provisions in Paradise.
08:05
A similar situation of dispute arose when your Rabb - The Lord caused you to leave your home to fight for the Cause of Truth,
although a group of the believers were, in fact, unwilling to do it,
08:06
…. arguing with you about the truth even after it had become quite clear
as if they were being driven to their own death with their eyes wide open.
08:07
And remember even when Allah was promising you that one of the two enemy groups will be yours,
although...
Maulana Wahid-Ud-din Khan was an eminent thinker and multifaceted scholar of the 20th century. He has touched upon almost every aspect of Islamic theology, multiculturalism, and social, political and economic values. His Scientific and intellectual work is highly commendable. In this article, we have analysed Maulana's principle stance on Takfir of Non-Muslims. The principle position of traditional Ulma is that if all signs of Kufr are found in a person, his Kufr will be declared, while Maulana is not convinced for Takfir of non-Muslims. He says it is necessary to establish a prophetic Dawah which is impossible. He imposes two conditions for Takfir of non-Muslims, first to establish a prophetic Dawah and secondly to know the intention of the addressee. These two conditions cannot be fulfilled in today's era, so Takfir is also not permissible.
Fabrication and Characterization of II-VI Semiconductor Thin Films and the Study of Post Doping Effects II-VI semiconductors have great importance in solar cell applications due to their excellent optical and electrical properties. This thesis is mainly concerned with the study of II-VI semiconductor thin films with a particular interest in their potential application in solar cells. A coating system based on close spaced sublimation (CSS) has been developed and thin films of zinc telluride (ZnTe), Zn and Te enriched ZnTe, cadmium sulfide (CdS) and cadmium zinc sulfide (CdZnS) were fabricated. CdS is transparent to electromagnetic radiations; in particular to the visible and infra-red regions and are highly resistive materials. This research work pertained to improve CdS thin films as window materials using close spaced sublimation technique. The optimization of deposition parameters including vacuum in the chamber, distance between source-substrate, source and substrate temperatures are all investigated. ZnTe has been used as a buffer layer between CdTe and the metal back contact in II-VI semiconductor solar cells due to its compatibility with p-type cadmium telluride (CdTe). The purpose of the buffer layer is to help CdTe form a good Ohmic contact with the metal back contact, however, ZnTe itself is highly resistive. The main goal is to reduce electrical resistivity of ZnTe for its use as buffer layer in the back contact. The resistivity of the ZnTe thin film is modified by doping with silver (Ag) and/or copper (Cu). The compositions of zinc (Zn) and tellurium (Te) in the enriched (Zn or Te) ZnTe thin film is also explored to lower the resistivity of ZnTe film, which has not been reported earlier using CSS technique. In all these processes, the structural, surface, electrical and optical properties are studied for strong correlation. Ion exchange process is adopted for Ag and Cu doping in as-deposited ZnTe thin films with subsequent annealing. CdS is a potential candidate for window layer due to its suitable and tunable energy band gap (2.42 eV). Effects of doping are investigated on the structural, electrical and optical properties of CdS thin films fabricated by the CSS technique. These properties of fabricated CdS thin films are found to be suitable for solar cell applications. To enhance band gap, CdS and Zn powder are mixed mechanically with different weight percentages to deposit thin films CZS fabricated by CSS technique that has not been documented earlier. The increased energy band gap for CZS is 2.57 eV, which has improved the window region.