The research study aimed to examine the Total Quality Management (TQM) role in the educational organizations and to study distinguishing operative factors in various publicsector universities of Pakistan within the orbit of Total Quality Management (TQM). As TQM is regarded as management function and strategic planning tool that assist organizations to maintain total quality and improve institutional performance by satisfying needs of all stakeholders through the continuous improvement of products, services and organizational processes. Seven factors were selected to study including vision and mission, leadership, leadership team, monitoring of programs process and performances, curriculum design and delivery, student selection support and assessment and continuous quality improvement. The objectives of the study were: 1). To identify TQM operative management factors in the public-sector universities of Pakistan, 2). To study Public sector universities of Pakistan that are committed towards TQM factors for sustainable growth of quality education and the organization, 3). To explore differences in opinions about distinctive TQM operative factors between male and female at the public-sector universities of Pakistan, 4). To find out the relationship among different distinctive TQM operative factors at public sector universities of Pakistan, 5). To explore the difference in opinions between sample groups with respect to TQM operative factors at the public-sector universities of Pakistan, 6). To prospect ways for continual improvement of the public-sector universities of Pakistan. The study following a quantitative approach was based on data collected through a questionnaire. The Cronbach’s Alpha for this instrument was .969 TQM operative factors considered in the study. After meeting its pre-requisites, the tool of Factor Analysis (FA) was used to check its reliability and construct validity of multidimensional factors to meet the objectives of this research. The study was delimited to the administrators, teaching faculty and the students from the publicsector universities of the Punjab, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa, Sindh, Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Jammu and Kashmir only. Total (1174) respondents (VC’s, Deans, Registrars, Teachers and the students) provided complete response on all variables of the study. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 16 in the form of table and graphs. Formula of Pearson correlation coefficient, Independent Samples t-test, and One Way ANOVA and LSD Post hoc test were used to analyze and interpret the data. Overall response rate remained 87.61%. The study revealed that TQM operative factors have significant role to maintain quality and to organize whole organization, department and an activity at every level. This study identifies areas of improvement as far as Total Quality in Public Sector Universities of the Pakistan. Main conclusion of the study is that TQM is being adopted in higher education organizations but at a slower pace. Whereas, areas of improvement include Leadership, leadership team, Curriculum design and delivery, Monitoring of programs and processes, student support and assessment. Therefor it has been recommended that all the public-sector universities authorities and policy makers should take thoughtful steps to implement the TQM philosophy for organizational excellence and to eliminate the organizational, administrative and the teaching learning deficits. They can use the findings of this research study and opt for affirmative actions to bridge the gaps in TQM implementation and its operative factors.
آہ! مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندویؒ یہ بات کس طرح دل میں اتاری جائے کہ عالم اسلام کی سب سے زیادہ معتبر اورمعروف ومشہور شخصیت حضرت مولانا سید ابوالحسن ندوی اب اس دنیا میں نہیں رہے ہیں، وہ۳۱/دسمبر۱۹۹۹ء کوانتقال فرماگئے ہیں۔ اناﷲ واناالہ راجعون۔ یہ بات اب بات نہیں رہی ہے حقیقت ہوچکی ہے اورحقیقت کوکسی بھی طرح جھٹلایا نہیں جاسکتاہے اورجب یہ حقیقت ہے کہ حضرت مولاناسید ابوالحسن علی ندوی اس دنیا سے ہم سب کو چھوڑ کرچلے گئے ہیں توہمارے لیے رونے کے علاوہ کوئی چارہ ہی نہیں رہاہے۔رونا اس لیے ہے کہ اس دنیا میں ایک وہ ہی ہستی ایسی بچی تھی جوصرف اورصرف اسلام اورانسانیت کے لیے مستعد عمل تھی۔ جس نے اپنی پوری حیات میں اپنے لیے کچھ نہ پا کرپوری انسانیت کے لیے سب کچھ کیا، اپنی تمام ترتوانائیوں کواسلام کی سربلندی اورانسانیت کی بہتری و فلاح کے لیے صرف کیا۔مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی کے انتقال کوہم بیسویں صدی کاسب سے بڑا المیہ ہی کہیں گے۔اس پرفتن ماحول میں وہ شرافت میں یکتاتھے، انسانیت میں منفرد تھے، اخلاق وتہذیب اورتمدن عالم انسانیت کے لیے فقید المثال تھے، رواداری ووضعداری میں ان کی زندگی ایک نمونہ تھی، تقویٰ وطہارت میں انہیں امتیازی خصوصیات حاصل تھیں۔ سادگی ان کااوڑنا بچھونا تھی، دوسروں کے لیے ان کے یہاں سب کچھ تھا ضرورت مندوں،حاجت مندوں کے لیے وہ بادشاہ تھے، لیکن اپنے لیے وہ کچھ نہ تھے انہوں نے اپنی زندگی کو دوسروں کی خدمت، انسانیت کی فلاح اوراسلام مذہب کی آبیاری کے لیے وقف کررکھا تھا۔ وہ اپنے آپ میں ایک انجمن تھے ان میں اسلامی تعلیمات کی صحیح معنوں میں تمام ہی خصوصیات تھیں۔ان کی ہربات میں اسلامیت جھلکتی تھی۔ وہ دورصحابہؓ کی تمام خصوصیات و اچھائیوں اورخوبیوں کے حامل تھے۔ ان کی وفات سے ایسا محسوس ہورہا ہے کہ انسانیت کی...
Foreign policy is one of the wheels with which process of international politics operates. It is not separate from the national policy. It is an important tool to relate the relations to other countries. Foreign policies consist of aims and measures that are intended to guide government decisions and actions with regard to external affairs, particularly relations with foreign countries. Friendly, non-threatening and peace-loving attitude seems to be the hallmarks of most states. Yet on the other hand, there could be some countries that act as hostile and aggressive and there is hardly any world force that can constrain them. A basic and age-old problem of state systems arises from here: national security. Many states deploy armed forces to deal this particular problem. Usually, states coexist and deal with each other without breaking the internal hegemony. So the main issues of mankind are war and peace. A great emphasis has been put in Islam in the field of international relations. Islam developed a different structure and gave a distinct understanding of international relations. Islam offers a complete handbook on international relations through his teachings. Peace works as root in the relation of countries. Securing the world peace and settling disputes and anarchy are the core aims of Islamic teaching.
Microwave heating, ionic liquids and solid phase catalysts were employed and studied for the preparation of various 4-thiazolidinone derivatives and for “in vitro” antibacterial and antifungal activity. These techniques revealed several advantages over the conventional methods. In combination with microwave radiation, ionic liquids were used as phase transfer catalysts (PTC) and montmorillonite clays (K10 and KSF types) were used as solid phase catalysts. The catalytic efficiency of montmorillonite KSF was marginally inferior to that of montmorillonite K10. Compounds pertaining to main six different series were synthesized. In the first series; two methods Microwave procedure-I: Multi-Component Reaction in DMF and Microwave procedure-II: Solvent free, Multi- Component Reaction were used and it was found that first was better in yield ranging from 82.4% to 96.0% while yield in procedure-II ranging from 42.6% to 84.6%. The compound 4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-amine was treated with disubstituted aromatic aldehydes in dimethylformamide to form a Schiff base and Schiff base was further treated with sulfanyl acetic acid under microwave radiation to obtain the compounds (88-97). The compounds of first series were synthesized and elucidated as 2-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (88), 3- (4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one (89), 2- (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (90), 2-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one 3-(4,6- (91), dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one (92), 2-(4- chloro-2-methylphenyl)-3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (93), 3-(4,6- dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one (94), 3-(4,6- dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-thiazolidin-4-one (95), 2-(2,4- difluorophenyl)-3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (96) and 2-(3- (dimethylamino)phenyl)-3-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)- thiazolidin-4-one (97). In the second series (98-107); two methods Microwave procedure-I: Multi- Component Reaction using Montmorillonite Clays (K-10 and KSF) and Microwave procedure-II: Solvent free, Multi-Component Reaction were employed. First procedure was found better in yield ranging from (yield 78.4% to 94.1% with K-10 and 68.3% to 88.1% with KSF) while yield in second procedure ranging from 14.3% xii to 76.4%. In this procedure Schiff base was treated with mercaptoacetic acid under microwave radiation followed by the condensation reaction of aniline and substituted benzaldehydes. The compounds 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one (98), 2-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one (99), 2-(3-chloro-5- methylphenyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one (100), 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenyl- thiazolidin-4-one (101), 2-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one (102), 2-(3- ethoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one thiazolidin-4-one (105), (104), (103), 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl- 2-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one 2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one (106) and 2-(3,5- dihydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-thiazolidin-4-one (107) were obtained. For the compounds (108-117), two methods Microwave procedure-I: Ionic Liquids (PEG, TBAB and TEBAC) and Microwave procedure-II: Solvent free, Multi- Component Reaction were used. The second procedure was found better in yield and environmentally than Ionic Liquids (PEG, TBAB and TEBAC). The yield ranged from 33.4%-48.8% with TBAB, 33.5%-52.2% with PEG and 20.4%-32.4% with TEBAC while in solvent free procedure-II 66.8% to 92.8%. The compounds 1,3- dipyridin-2-ylthiourea, chloroacetic acid and different aromatic aldehydes were used for the preparation of compounds (108-117) of third series named as 5-benzylidene- 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (108), 5-(4- methoxybenzylidene)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (109), 5- (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-ylimino)-thiazolidin-4- one (110), 5-[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-ylimino)- thiazolidin-4-one (111), 5-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2- ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (112), 5-(4-nitrobenzylidene)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2- ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (113), 5-(4-ethoxybenzylidene)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin- 2-ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (114), 5-(2,4-difluorobenzylidene)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2- (pyridin-2-ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (115), 5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2- (pyridin-2-ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (116) and 5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylidene)- 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-ylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one (117). In the forth series; two methods Microwave procedure-I: Multi-Component Reaction using Montmorillonite Clays (KSF and K-10) and Microwave procedure-II: Solvent free, Multi-Component Reaction were used and it was found that first was better in yield ranging from 78.8% to 96.1% with K-10 and 70.8% to 84.2% with KSF xiii while yield in second ranging from 34.6% to 78.8%. In this series compounds (118- 127) were synthesized by adopting environmentally safe procedure. (4-substituted- phenyl)methylidene]aniline was treated with sulfanyl(thioxo)acetic acid in the presence of montmorillonite clays under microwave radiation for ten to twelve minutes. The compounds (118-127) (5-benzylidene-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4- one (118), 5-(4-methylbenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one (119), 5-(4- methoxybenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one 5-(3-hydroxy-4- (120), methoxybenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one (121), (dimethylamino)benzylidene]-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one nitrobenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one yl)benzylidene]-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one 5-(4- (124), 5-[2-(furan-2- (125), (126) 5-(4- 5-(2,4- (123), dichlorobenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one ethoxybenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one (122), 5-[4- and 5-(2,4- difluorobenzylidene)-3-phenyl-2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one) (127) were synthesized. The compounds (128-137) of fifth series were prepared by using environmentally benign procedure and reaction time was also dramatically reduced. In this series two methods Microwave procedure-I: Multi-Component Reaction using Montmorillonite Clays (KSF and K-10) and Microwave procedure-II: Solvent free, Multi-Component Reaction were employed and procedure-I was found better in yield ranging yields ranging from 78.8% to 94.4% with K-10 and 68.9-% to 88.6% with KSF while yield in procedure-II ranging from 34.4% to 65.3%. Sulfanylacetic acid was reacted with (2,5-disubstituted-phenyl)methylidene-4-methoxypyrimidin-2-amine followed by the condensation between 4-methoxypyrimidin-2-amine and various aldehydes. The compounds 2-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)- thiazolidin-4-one (128), 2-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4- one (129), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (130), 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (131), 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (132), 2-[4- (dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (133), 2-(2,5- dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one difluorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (134), (135), 2-(2,5- 2-(2,5- dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (136), 2-[3-(furan-2- yl)phenyl]-3-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-thiazolidin-4-one (137) were thus achieved.