بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

The Notions of Obtainable Politics in the Light of Quran

It is generally believed that the contemporary world of academia is divided between Divine and non-Divine philosophies. By considering the Divine theory in accordance to the human behavior, advocates of theory take it in the best interest of mankind. They argued that the Creator Himself guides the human being in right direction. Islam unlike modern concept of governance does not separate religion from politics and fulfills its legislative needs by means of Divine Law or Shariah. In Islamic system, the state through Caliph will have to establish Shariah of God by working on the restrictions set by Him and in conformity with His orders and commands. Yet he is allowed only to give lawful command and the people are also bound to follow only the lawful commands. In Islam there is no place for such a political order where a solitary individual or a group of persons have authoritarian or dictatorial rule. However, the Muslims, in all circumstances, must cling to the state authorities and are obliged to submit to the ultimate source of law given by the Almighty Allah in the Quran. Non-Divine theories, on the other hand mainly stress upon rationalization of human development and behavior in a certain direction. Leaving those theories aside, current study will focus on the political philosophy of Islam as prescribed by the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. The subject matter of the study is to see the possibilities regarding implementation of Islamic values in the contemporary state and society.

Dna Based Identification of Aphid Species and Vector-Virus Association Analysis of Aphid Borne Luteovirus

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are globally important crop pests and vectors of viral disease, but their identification is generally difficult because of their small size and inconspicuous morphological differences. Sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI-5ʹ) gene (DNA barcode) has proven effective for the identification of species in many groups of insect pests and also in aphids. In this research, 728 aphids were collected from various plant hosts in north-central Pakistan, and identified and analyzed at COI barcode. Three species (Periphyllus lyropictus, Aphis nasturtii and Aphis astragalina) were reported for the first time in Pakistan. The Barcode Index Number (BIN) system assigned the 728 sequences to 52 BINs, while the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery detected 51 partitions, a count that coincided with the number of monophyletic lineages recognized by Neighbor-Joining analysis and Bayesian inference. Congeneric species showed an average of 7.26% sequence divergence (range = 0.2-10.32%) at COI, while intraspecific distances averaged 0.13 (ranged from 0-3.19%). BIN analysis suggested that specimens with intraspecific divergence >3.0% actually involved a species complex. In fact, sequences for three major pest species (Aphis gossypii, Sitobion avenae and Aphis craccivora) showed deep intraspecific divergences, providing evidence that each was a cryptic species complex. The study compiled the first barcode reference library for the aphids of Pakistan, and examined global haplotype diversity in six important Luteovirus vector aphid species. This study also examined the aphid-Luteovirus association considering the carrot mottle disease (CMD) which is caused by co-infection of Carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV), Carrot mottle virus (CMoV) and Carrot red leaf virus RNA (CtRLVaRNA), and transmitted by aphid, Cavariella aegopodii in a persistent, non-propagative manner. Myzus persicae is an important vector of many plant viruses but its involvement in the spread of CMD has not been documented. The current study determined the involvement of M. persicae in the transmission of virus complex, responsible for CMD, by transmission studies. M. persicae were exposed to the CMD-infected plants of chervil and then transferred to disease-free plants (chervil, fennel, celery, carrot, cilantro and parsley) of the family Apiaceae. Healthy plants infested with the xiii viruliferous M. persicae developed typical CMD symptoms. The transmission of respective viruses was confirmed through RT-PCR by amplifying the target genes with CtRLV-, CMoV- and CtRLVaRNA-specific primers. Sequence comparisons of the amplified virus genes with those in the GenBank showed high sequence diversity in the three components of the disease complex causing CMD both in amino acids and nucleotides.