The aim of the present study was to ascertain the relationship of self-concept and achievement of students at higher education level. In the study, higher education level means university level. To find out the relationship of both variables; self-concept and achievement of students, their selfconcept level and academic achievement level were found. Students’ self-concept level was found through a self-concept scale and their achievement level through an achievement test. The interrelationship between dimensions of self-concept and achievement was also found. The study was delimited to the public sector universities of province of Punjab and Federal level in Pakistan; and students of M.A. Education. In this way, total seven universities and 389 students were selected as sample of the study. For this study, an adapted version of Self-Description Questionnaire III developed by Marsh (1992) was used. Self-concept scale for the present study was a five point scale based on 45 items related to academic, physical, social, moral self-concept, problem solving and self-esteem. All these dimensions were merged into factors for inter-item correlation for analysis. There were both positive and negative statements in scale also. Reliability of the scale was found through Cronbach’s Alpha and its Alpha coefficient was found 0.78. To find out the achievement level of students and then correlating it with self-concept level of students, a self-developed achievement test was used. This test was based on 50 Multiple Choice Questions. The items of the achievement test were based on five core courses of M.A. Education. These courses were taught in all the sampled universities of present study. All questions were set keeping in view the opinions of those teachers who had expertise and specializations in these five courses of study. Both the instruments were got validated in the light of opinions of experts and through pilot study, conducted on students. Certain changes were also made in both instruments on the base of pre-testing. For the analysis of data, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used because the nature of the study was correlative and researcher wanted to find out the relationship between both variables. Other statistical techniques included Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, t-test and z-test; z-test was used for the comparison of scores of self-concept scale and achievement test and t-test was used to test the level of significance. To reach certain conclusions data were presented in tabular and graphical form. It was found through the study that overall 91% students had positive and higher level of selfconcept while 90% students had higher level of achievement. Mean score of responses of students in all 45 statements of scale were also higher and positive in most of the cases. All factors in inter-item correlation were found positively correlated with one another; however maximum correlation was found between social self-concept and self-esteem. Correlation of selfconcept and achievement of students showed weak but significant relationship between both variables. Correlation of factors of self-concept and achievement was also found to be negligibly correlated with each other. Correlation of subjects with self-concept was also significant, however, only one subject i.e Curriculum was insignificantly correlated with self-concept. It was concluded after analysis that for a bright future of students, it is necessary to improve selfconcept and academic achievement simultaneously; no variable can be ignored. Both variables complement each other, both influence each other. Self-concept is a non-observable construct but it shows and explains itself in the form of behaviour, attitude, interest and also in academic achievement.
ہم ہیں وطن کے پاسباں /ہم وطن کے محافظ وطن اس خطہ زمین کو کہتے ہیں جس سے انسان کو نسبت ہوتی ہے، جس کی فضا سے انس ہوتا ہے، جس کی ہوا سے اسے موانست ہوتی ہے۔ یہ فطر تی بات ہے کہ جس جگہ انسان کی پیدائش ہوتی ہے وہاں کی ذی روح اور غیر ذوی العقول مخلوق سے قلبی لگاؤ ہوتا ہے اور پھر اس تعلق اور لگاؤ کی بنیاد ہر دم واپسیں تک اس کا یہ سلسلہ مؤدت قائم رہتا ہے۔ انسان کے ساتھ اس محبت اور پیار کے اٹوٹ انگ کے طور پر عمر بھر منسلک رہتا ہے اور یوں اس کے شب و روز گزرتے رہتے ہیں ۔بحیثیت مسلمان تو وطن کے ساتھ محبت اور بھی زیادہ ہوتی ہے کیونکہ ارشاد رسالت مآب صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم ہے ــ’’ حب الوطن من الایمان‘‘ وطن کی محبت ایمان سے ہے۔ یعنی تکمیل ایمان کے لیے وطن کی محبت انتہائی ضروری ہے۔ اور یہ جس کے ساتھ حقیقی محبت ہو، جس کے ساتھ زندگی کے ایّام بحسن وخوبی گزارے ہوں، اُس کی حفاظت اور اس کی پاسبانی بھی ضروری ہو جاتی ہے۔ اگر اُس کی حفاظت اور پاسبانی کا فریضہ ادا کرنے پرنفس آمادہ نہ ہو اورطبع نازک پر یہ گراں گزرے تو پھر وطن کی محبت کا دعویٰ زبانی کلامی تو ہو سکتا ہے اس کا حقیقت کے ساتھ دور کا بھی واسط نہیں ہوتا۔ ایک شخص حفاظت کا دعویدار ہے لیکن اس کی موجودگی میں عنادل خوش الحان کی بجائے بوم نے شاخہائے وطن پر قبضہ کر رکھا ہے تو اس کی حفاظت اور محبت کا یہ دعویٰ کھوکھلا ہے۔ ایک دہقاں کی زبان کھیت و کھلیان سے محبت کا اظہار کرتی ہے لیکن اس کی خوبصورتی کو خس و خاشاک نے ختم کیا ہوا ہے تو اس کا...
Without practical performance of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) it is merely impossible for anyone to understand the Holy Quran. It was his primary function to explain the meaning of Qur’anic verses and to set a concrete example for Muslims, therefore the Ahadith of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) are certainly the second basic source in Islam. Muslim scholars classified the traditions of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) into three types; sayings, deeds, and consent of the Prophet (ﷺ). Hadith Taqreeri is the kind of Hadith in which the silence of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is mentioned when his compa-nions did something or said something in his presence and he refrains from condemning it. His silence in this context reveals to us the legal ruling of that saying or action. In this article I want to elaborate this kind of Hadith, its importance and its legal status in Islam.
Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in the world, occurring predominantly in develop- ing countries. Recently, there has been renewed concern about the presence and impact of child labor from politicians, activists and academics alike. Most of the popular discussion has centered on misleading statistics, harmful e ects of child labor and ways to curtail its incidence. Much of the recent theoretical literature has focused attention on the fact that the decision to send children to work is most likely made not by the children themselves, but by households who do so out of dire need. Poverty is considered to be the root cause of child labor. In fact, this is not true and literacy and household e ect are even bigger variables in the determination, and measurement of child labor in a society. This raises the issue of the impact of literacy and schooling on child labor and vice versa. Notwithstanding, a large and rapidly expanding literature on child labor, there is not much empirical evidence on this issue since much of this literature has concentrated on socially, anthropologically, or somewhat psychologically, analyzing the causes of child labor rather than studying its consequences, especially for the impact of learning and household. The present study seeks toll this signi cant gap in the literature on child labor. Broadly, the study can be divided into three parts; developing a reliable estimate to calculate number of children doing work, identifying important factors for child labour, and thirdly, developing a pro le of today''s child labourer. The exercise is conducted on a primary data set involving 5-14 years old children from Lahore & Bahawalpur divisions, Pakistan, using a multi-stage probability proportional strati ed systematic sampling scheme. Close ended questionnaire was specially developed keeping in view theeld and data processing requirements of the project. To avoid possible biases, proper interviewer''s training and practice sessions were conducted. Information was collected on family demographics, place of origin and current living status, personal information, current work history and conditions, personal behaviour, health, perceptions and knowledge and literacy level on a household basis from the house- hold head. The estimator is developed using Sampford (1967) extension to Brewer (1963) approach for calculating internal selection probabilities. The numerical strength of child labour in these two divisions turns out to be 3,440,411 chil- dren which happens to be 32% of total children living in these two divisions. Monte-Carlo simulation is carried out to develop its probability distribution which turns out a bi-modal distribution. This bi-modalness is probably because of di erent boys and girls labourers or due to di erent sizes of districts and tehsils included in the sample. This distribution is then used to develop con dence intervals associated with the total number of child labourers in these two divisions. E ect of household, literacy and poverty are quantitatively investigated and these turns out to be the biggest instrumental variables in the dynamics of child labour- ers. Speci c generalized Poisson regression models are developed for various situations to ascertain and gauge the veracity of associations and relationships between child labour dy- namics and its causes like household demography, household poverty and household literacy. It turns out that household demography, including its physical and familial structure, plays a statistically signi cant role in the dynamics of child labour. Household poverty, on the second hand, turns out to be promotive for child labour. While, increasing household literacy turns out to be negatively associated with the dissemination of child labour. Multivariate cluster analysis is also conducted to develop a household characteristics based segmentation in the child labour community which results in three clearly separated clusters of labouring kids; mechanics, chotta, and girls. A multiple discriminant analysis is also conducted to develop a household characteristics based yard stick to index households for their propensity towards child labour. It also helps in identifying the potential entrants in this labour. In the end, a pro le is developed for a typical child labourer on the basis of accumulated data envisaging di erent facets of his life. Such a pro le is useful in understanding the life and miseries of a child labourer and his household.