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Home > A Study of the Nature of Changes in the Secondary Level Biology Curriculum Since I 960

A Study of the Nature of Changes in the Secondary Level Biology Curriculum Since I 960

Thesis Info

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Author

Parveen, Shafqat

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1996

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2995/1/218.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724443282

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Curriculum development is a dynamic and continuous process, it is subject to change in view of the changing socio-economic and political scenario. It is changed when it is not consistent with the national aspirations and goals of education. It is changed when it loses balance, integration and relationship within and among various disciplines. Biology as an important scientific discipline, has been gaining currency doing the last three decades, and plays significant role in the field of science. It helps in understanding ourselves, our environment and the world around us. Such were the guiding spirit that inspired the researcher to study in depth the nature and process of changes and developments of biology curriculum offered at secondary level in Pakistan Since 1 960. The main objectives governing the study are to study the nature of changes brought about in biology curriculum, to identify factors and forces warranting such changes, to identify the problems and issues inhibiting proper implementation of die curriculum in the class room and also to formulate guide-lines for not only correcdng the situation but to make it more responsive to the challenges of the 21stcentury. The study is hoped to in faience the policy of the government and will provide feed back on the operational status of the curriculum. The study is descriptive in nature and is based on documentary analysis and field assessment of the execution of the subject in the class room. Documentary analysis is based on critical review of all related documents formulated from time to time by the government on biology. The field analysis is based on comments observations of the heads of institutions teachers, biologists and educationists on the nature, scope and relevance of biology curriculum, the infra-structure and the instructional facilities provided for effective teaching of the subject. On the basis of analysis and other situational factors, it is concluded that biology curriculum has been widely diversified in nature and scope and has been sufficiently expanded vertically and horizontally. But wide margins have been left for changing its descriptive nature, ensuing its integration within itself and among other scientific disciplines and projecting more its social aspect and practical approach to the solution of social problems, besetting the society. The subject further needs to be future oriented not only perceiving the future problems of the society but incorporating the explosive nature of knowledge and information, shifting its classical and traditional mode of instruction to the emerging innovative use of sophisticated instructional technology in teaching of biology curriculum in future.
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حضورؐ آپ نے ریگِ تپاں کو لعل کیا


ؑحضورؐ! آپؐ نے ریگِ تپاں کو لعل کیا
جہانِ دشتِ کو یوں شہرِ بے مثال کیا

رفیقِ خاص کو صدیقؓ کا لقب بخشا
وہ ترجمان تھے ماضی کے ، شانِ حال کیا

جسے تھی اونٹ چرانے میں دقّتیں بے حد
دعا کے ساتھ اُسے صاحبِ کمال کیا

غنیؓ کی دولتِ دنیا کو حسنِ دیں بخشا
حیا کے پیکرِ احسن کو خوش خصال کیا

لعابِ پاک کا فیضانِ خاص تھا جس نے
علیؑ کو شوکتِ خیبر سے مالامال کیا

مقامِ احسنِ تقویم پایا ، اسفل نے
جہاں میں منصبِ انسانیت بحال کیا

تمام روئے زمیں سجدہ گاہ کر ڈالی
خدا نے اُمتِ محبوبؐ کا خیال کیا

رہِ حیات میں جب بھی چلے ہیں تیرِ الم
تو یادِ مونسِ جاںؐ کو غموں میں ڈھال کیا

یہ نعتِ پاک کا عرفانؔ! فیض ہے جس نے
ہر ایک حرفِ سخن تیرا لازوال کیا

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Analysis of Single and Two-Layer Coating Flows

Modern optical fibers require a double-layer coating on the glass fiber in order to provide protection from signal attenuation and mechanical damage. The most important plastic resins used in optical fiber and wires are plastic polyvinyl chloride, low- and high-density polyethylene, nylon, and polysulfone. One of the most important things that affect the final product after processing is the design of the coating die. This thesis presents the theoretical analysis of double layer optical fiber coating extrusion process inside a pressure type die. From the modeling of Single and Double-layer fluids in coated process, a number of guiding results in general may be identified. Generally, it is concluded that coating thickness is directly controlled by die design, boundary of the die, polymer used for coating the optical fiber and the dragging velocity of the optical fiber. The analysis concentrates on flow conditions around the die exit: particularly so on shear and strain rates, and identification of the influence of slip. It is analyzed that the bond between the polymer and the continuum can become stronger by applying high pressure gradient and using the shear thickening polymer for coating. Moreover, it is observed that the thickness of coated fiber optics increases with the increase in slip parameter, dilatant parameter, elastic and Deborah number, while the temperature distribution decreases with the increase of these quantities. Shear stress decreases with increase of slippage at the boundary of the die only for a limiting value of the boundary slip coefficient. It is also found that for , the thickness of coated wire increases and decreases for It is also established that as we increase lies in the range the distribution of temperature increases while, decreases when we increase the power law index in the domain . The flow rate, force on coated fiber optics and the thickness of coated fiber optics increases as the pressure gradient through the annular gap is increased. The force on the surface of coated fiber optics and thickness of coated fiber optics increases as the elasticity of the polymer increases. It is observed, that the elasticity of the liquid reduces the speed of flow. Furthermore, it is concluded that the elasticity of the liquid decreases the temperature within the region.