اردو تراجم و تفاسیر میں تفسیر مرادیہ کا مقام و مرتبہ

This is a historical fact that along with Arabs, rather morethan Arabs, the Quranic and Islamic sciences were dealt by the nonArabs. After Arabic, the Persian language attained the status of anIslamic language, and great books were written in Islamic literaturein Persian. After Persian, Urdu succeeded to hold the title of Islamiclanguage. A great many works of Islamic sciences and translationand exegesis of the Qur’ān were rendered into Urdu by the scholarsof the subcontinent and others. It is said that Urdu tafsīr began in the 12th century from theHijrah. As Jamīl Naqī says that the first Tafsīr was "Basā’ir alQur’ān" by Nikhal Shāh Jahānpūrī (114 A. H/1231AD), he points outthat Ḥakīm Muḥammad Ashraf Khān was the first one whotranslated the Qur’ān into Urdu with some comments. Shāh ‘AbdulQādir (1230 AH/1815AD) and Shah Rafi’udddīn followed him. However, Urdu translation and exegesis of the Quran byMurād’ullāh Anṣārī Sanbhalī, a disciple of Mirzā Maẓhar Jan-eJānān, is rightly said to be the earlier work than those of Shāh‘Abdul Qādir and Shāh Rafī’uddīn. However, the first completetranslations were of course of both of them. The Author of this research article, explores and discussesTafsīr-e-Murādiyah and highlights its scholarly merits, whichdetermine its status among the exegetical literature of the Quran.

Effects of Modified Theories on Stellar Structures and Cosmic Evolution

This thesis is devoted to explore stellar structures as well as evolution, gravitational waves and viscous cosmology in the framework of modi¯ed theories of gravity. Firstly, we study physical characteristics of stellar structures in the absence as well as presence of electromagnetic ¯eld in the framework of f(R; T) theory. We consider the compact stars whose pressure and density are related through polytropic equation of state and MIT bag model. The energy conditions are satis¯ed and stellar con¯gurations are found stable for the assumed values of free parameters. Secondly, we discuss anisotropic non-static charged spherical as well as cylindrical sources describing the phenomena of collapse and expansion in f(R; T) theory. We analyze the behavior of density, pressures, anisotropic parameter as well as mass and examine the in°uence of charge as well as model parameter on these quantities. Thirdly, we ¯nd the polarization modes of gravitational waves for some f(R) dark energy models with the help of Newman-Penrose formalism and ¯nd two extra modes than general relativity. We also investigate the propagation of axial gravita- tional waves in the background of °at FRW universe in f(R; T) theory through axial perturbations. It is found that axial waves can induce velocity memory e®ect. Finally, we consider viscous modi¯ed Chaplygin gas interacting with f(R; T) grav- ity in °at FRW universe. We investigate the behavior of total energy density, pressure and equation of state parameter for emergent, intermediate as well as logamediate scenarios of the universe with two interacting models. It is found that bulk viscos- ity enhances the expansion for the intermediate and logamediate scenarios. We also study the evolution using LRS Bianchi type-I model and discuss the behavior of scale factors as well as deceleration parameter in dark energy dominated era for di®erent bulk viscosity models. We conclude that expansion is faster when bulk viscosity is proportional to the Hubble parameter.