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Activities Based on Low Cost Materials Equipment, Glassware, Chemicals in Teaching Chemistry at Secondary School Level in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Khan, Iffat S.

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Peshawar

City

Peshawar

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1998

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2994/1/217.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724453479

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Science education has remained one of the top priority issues of developing countries for the last few decades. In this age of science and technology, the developing countries face an increasing demand for scientific and technical manpower due to the increased awareness and emphasis on rapid industrialization as well as agricultural development on the national level. It Is now well recognized that science education has a direct and very significant influence on numerous activities in the daily life and environment of both rural and urban communities. It is in this context that the natural and physical sciences, study and use of environment and local resources has been recognized as one of the basic areas of school curriculum in many developing countries including Pakistan. Keeping in view the significance, study In hand is selected to design low cost activities based on low cost materials (equipment, glassware, chemicals) in teaching chemistry at secondary school level in Pakistan. The nature of the study is experimental. Two semi standardized academic achievement tests In the selected content areas of chemistry for IX (vli)class were prepared and administered to 9th class as pretest and posttest. Sample was selected randomly. Experimental and Control Groups were formulated from the sample. Experiments were conducted to experimental group with low cost materials and to control group with high cost materials. Data was collected through pretest and posttest, tabulated accordingly and statistical analysis was carried out. On the basis of the analysis, findings, conclusions are being quoted. Recommendations have also been suggested to popularize the use of low cost materials in science education at secondary school level.
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نواب اختر یار جنگ

نواب اخترؔ یارجنگ
حیدرآباد میں اودھ کے ایک مشہور ممتاز مینائی خاندان کے فرد فرید نے بھی ہماری دنیائے فانی کو الوداع کہا، منشی امیر احمد صاحب امیر مینائی کے خلف الرشید نواب اختر یار جنگ بہادر جنہوں نے دکن میں امیر مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد سے دکن کو شاہ دکن کی نوازشوں سے اپنا وطن بنالیا تھا اور معتمد امور مذہبی کی حیثیت سے سینکڑوں مفید خدمات انجام دیں اور ہر نیک کام کی امداد میں سبقت کی اور اب چند سال سے پنشن پاکر عزت کی زندگی بسر کررہے تھے، اب وہ ہمیشہ کے لیے بزم حیات سے رخصت ہوگئے، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی نیک خدمات کا نیک صلہ عنایت فرمائے، وہ شاعر بھی تھے اور اختر تخلص کرتے تھے۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی،جولائی ۱۹۴۰ء)

 

تاویل نصوص کی شرعی حیثیت

The two fundamental sources of Islam are the Qur’an and Sunnah (Life) of the Hope Prophet (peace be upon him). Rulings and Legal interpretation are based in light of these two sources, and these two sources are used to determine the correct way of living. Some rulings are clear cut and explicit without any need for interpretation, while other rulings are not so clear cut and are very vague and open to multiple interpretations. Sometimes, in order to understand these vague rulings, there is a need to use different construed methods of interpretations, so that these commandments can become easier to understand and explain. The meaning of construed here is to use those interpretations which is not used commonly in order to explain the verse of life style of the beloved messenger. However, this is not something that any average human being can do, rather one must be a scholar of the highest caliber and have expertise in the field of interpretation. Additionally, the construed interpretation must be valid according to the principles of interpretation, and must have been used before in a previous interpretation. One other thing to note here is that there are many different types of taweel i.e construed interpretations. Some are correct while others are incorrect. This is why it is important to know and understand the correct use of construing and non-construing interpretations in the field of Islamic jurisprudence, so that one can differentiate between the two. Another tragedy of today is that every person thinks that they should and do have the ability to interpret the Qu’ran and the Sunnah on their own, and without any expertise in interpretation, come up with and begin to interpret the Qur’an on their own. This results in wrong interpretations, which not only misguides the individual, but countless others as well. This is a fact that the many different sects in Islam considered deviant by the majority, they all have begun with incorrect and deviant understandings and interpretations on the sacred texts in Islam.

The Influence of the Process of Teachers Involvement in School Development Planning on Their Practices

Teachers are the main implementers of most school improvement initiatives in schools. It is well recognized in the literature of teachers' involvement in SDP1 that involving teachers in the whole process including the planning stage is important for a better implementation of plans. Emphasis to involve stakeholders from the first stage is going on, and many schools, especially this network of private school I conducted my study on, have adopted the idea. They are currently involving teachers in different decisions about school curriculum and related activities. Therefore, the study aimed at exploring teachers' experiences on the process and influence of their involvement in planning for school improvement, on their practices. Since this was not a well-researched area, especially in Pakistan, therefore, the study is expected to provide useful information for policy makers. The process of involvement was uncovered through eliciting teachers' ideas and other stakeholders (headteacher and education officer) of the school improvement activities. This helped me to discover in what ways teachers are involved, to what extent and what were the influences on them as practitioners behind the involvement practices. Challenges as well as facilitating factors in this process were also examined, and hence useful information could come up for policy makers. I hope this will also help them to make an informed decision on different school improvement practices. The information on this topic was collected through qualitative case study method. This method facilitated eliciting teachers' experiences for providing useful descriptions and rich findings. Semi structured interviews, observations and document analysis were the three data collection techniques used during the study. Main research participants were two teachers, two LAC2 teachers, the headteacher and the education officer. Taking into consideration the time for the field work and teachers' work-load in the school, only one interview per teacher was conducted, and this made total number of interviews to be six. Due to national examinations schedule which was going on during the period of data collection only one classroom observation was done.