۳-متی
"أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَن تَدْخُلُواْ ٱلْجَنَّةَ وَلَمَّا يَأْتِكُم مَّثَلُ ٱلَّذِينَ خَلَوْاْ مِن قَبْلِكُم مَّسَّتْهُمُ ٱلْبَأْسَآءُ وَٱلضَّرَّآءُ وَزُلْزِلُواْ حَتَّىٰ يَقُولَ ٱلرَّسُولُ وَٱلَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ مَعَهُ مَتَىٰ نَصْرُ ٱللَّهِ أَلا إِنَّ نَصْرَ ٱللَّهِ قَرِيبٌ۔"[[1]]
"پھر کیا تم لوگوں نے یہ سمجھ رکھا ہے کہ یونہی جنت کا داخلہ تمہیں مل جائے گا، حالانکہ ابھی تم پر وہ سب کچھ نہیں گزرا ہے، جو تم سے پہلے ایمان لانے والوں پر گزر چکا ہے؟ اُن پر سختیاں گزریں، مصیبتیں آئیں، ہلا مارے گئے، حتیٰ کہ وقت کارسول اور اس کے ساتھی اہل ایمان چیخ اٹھے کہ اللہ کی مدد کب آئے گی اُس وقت انہیں تسلی دی گئی کہ ہاں اللہ کی مدد قریب ہے"۔
Brought up in the context of a very critical time of Islamic history, Imām Muḥammad Jalāl’uddīn Qāsimī (1866-1914) played a vital role to reform and purify the ongoing mindset of the Muslims in Syria in his time. He was a man believed in an independent thinking in the light of the Qur’ān and Sunnah. He taught the people to get rid of the backwardness and blind imitation (Taqlīd). For this purpose of his, he presented the works of the previous leading Islamic Scholars as they were. He was expert in various fields of knowledge like Qur’ān, Ḥadīth and their Sciences, Jurisprudence, Dialectic, etc. One of his masterpieces is his exegesis known as “Maḥāsin al-Tāwīl”. It is a great exegetical work; as most of the exegetical aspects are entertained in it. It has nine or seventeen volumes according to its two different editions, including a whole volume of preamble containing eleven Rules of Quranic Sciences. Although the critics object to his copying the long paragraphs of the prominent Islamic Scholars without commenting or editing and on his long discussions that deviate the reader from the actual purpose of the Holy Qur’ān, but to present the material in this way for the purpose of reformations of Muslims and to bring them back to the way of Salaf through their words, in that crucial time, justifies the significance of the work. In this article, the author probes to present the mythology adopted by Imām Qāsimī in his exegesis and its scholarly merits.
The stability of a tunnel in rocks can be evaluated through different methods. Empirical design methods are commonly used supplemented and validated with numerical design methods to improve the stability. Each and every design method requires certain rock and rock mass parameters as input. Empirical design methods include Rock Mass Classification systems as integral part. Strength and/or stiffness parameters are frequently required for Numerical design analysis. Rock mass properties can either be determined directly or predicted, however, the direct determination is not always viable and these are generally predicted. Rock mass strength and deformability is realistically well predicted through the use of rock mass classification systems in conjunction with appropriate empirical failure criteria such as Hoek-Brown failure criterion and empirical expressions using rock mass classification systems respectively. However, the use of such relations requires right, precise and authentic input data. The thesis focuses on devising better ways and means for approximating the input parameters needed for engineering design of tunnels in rocks. The first part of this research focuses on fitting of failure criterion to laboratory data to get a suitable failure criterion for the local rock mass environment and optimize the strength parameters for numerical design purposes. The second part describes the empirical estimation of rock mass deformation modulus. The Hoek – Brown failure criterion 2002 version and its variants are fitted to full scale laboratory rock data of Kohat Tunnel as well as Diamir Basha Dam Diversion Tunnels using linear and multiple regression methods and Microsoft Excel optimization tool "Solver". Analysis shows that for majority cases/ rock types, the ―Globalized‖ variant of the Hoek – Brown failure criterion is best fit based on error of estimation. For the deformation modulus, previous equations (based on Rock Mass Rating, Q index and Geological Strength Index) are divided into 10 groups on the basis of input parameters and modeled using ―Sigmoidal‖ and ―Gaussian‖ functions in Microsoft Excel solver optimization tool. Eight new generalized equations are presented, among which, the sigmoidal function was the best. iii It is observed that the displacement values from the modeled deformation modulus (sigmoidal function based on GSI using the 2D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Phase2 tool) was very close to the actual displacement monitored in the field.