This study investigates the performance of the Large Scale Manufacturing Industries (LSMI) at four-digit level and how agglomeration economies promote productivity at establishment level in the Punjab province of Pakistan utilizing the survey data for the years 1995-96, 2000-2001 and 2005-06 collected from the Punjab Bureau of Statistics (PBS). The research questions to be interrogated are: (1) how the average rate of technical efficiency and productivity in the LSMI changed during 1995-2005? (2) What are the key factors which determine the spatial agglomeration of LSMI? (3) What are the effects of spatial concentration or agglomeration of LSMI on its productivity at establishment level? Are establishments at an advantage when they are spatially agglomerated in contrast when they are spatially dispersed? And (4) which industrial policy is beneficial through which spatial agglomeration may enhance the productivity of LSMI? Should the industrial policy be biased in favour of specialization (localisation) or in favour of diversification (urbanisation) to enhance the performance of the manufacturing sector of the Punjab province? The study on the spatial agglomeration of the manufacturing sector and its impact on the establishments‟ productivity in the Punjab province provide important results and policy implications for the planning and development of the industrial sector of the province. A careful reading of literature on the economy of Pakistan reflects that specific issue of agglomeration (urbanisation and localisation) effects on productivity of LSMI has been overlooked in Pakistan. In this study, the performance of LSMI in terms of productivity and efficiency is determined by using Malmaquist productivity index that is non-parametric approach. It is further decomposed into technical change, efficiency change and scale efficiency change. Moreover, the bootstrapping methodology is applied to get the confidence intervals for the mean values of Malmquist productivity indices to perform statistical inferences. The study utilizes Ellison and Glaeser (EG) index to investigate the pattern of spatial agglomeration of LSMI and finds that its pattern is quite dissimilar in contrast with developed countries. This study further investigates the sources of spatial agglomeration of manufacturing sector by taking EG index as explained variable and Mashalian factors (knowledge spillovers, input sharing and labour pooling) as explanatory variables along with control variables (natural advantages, transportation cost and scale economies). The results suggest that knowledge spillovers, labour pooling and scale economies are positive and statistically significant determinants of industrial agglomeration. Moreover, transportation cost is significant and has inverse relation with EG index, which implies that industries in Punjab province dot not prefer to concentrate in an urban setup where the per unit transportation cost is high. This study also examines whether spatial agglomeration of LSMI facilitates establishments to enhance their productivity in the Punjab province of Pakistan by utilizing production function framework. The production function estimated individually for the seven groups of LSMI, each group contains four-digit manufacturing establishments i.e (1) Traditional, (2) Textile and Leather Products, (3) Heavy, (4) High-Tech, (5) Transportation or Auto-Parts, (6) Machinery and (7) Sports and Surgical Instruments. The results of production function suggest that the role of spatially agglomerated LSMI is vital in enhancing the productivity at establishment level. In general, the impact of localisation (specialization) is positive and stronger than urbanisation (diversification) which implies that locating manufacturing establishments in a particular district leads to enhance the productivity of establishments. Therefore, government policy should be biased to promote localisation.
ناول نگار نے کہانی میں تین بھائیوں کا ذکر کیا ہے جو کہ ضلع خانیوال کے گاؤں ٹبہ والی میں رہتے تھے۔صادق بخش،الٰہ بخش،احمد بخش تینوں بھائیوں کے پاس زمین جائیداد بتائی گئی ہے احمد بخش جو کہ ان سب سے بڑا ہے اس کا ایک بیٹا ہے۔طلال احمد،دوسرے بھائی کی ایک بیٹی ہے بیٹی کی پیدائش پر بیوی کا انتقال ہو گیا اور تیسرے بھائی کی دو بیویاں ہیں مگر اولاد کوئی نہیں۔ان تینوں بھائیوں کا باپ جنگ عظیم دوم میں انگریزوں کے خلاف جنگ کرتا ہوا اپنے ایک بازو سے ہاتھ دھو بیٹھا اس صورت میں اسے حکومت کی طرف سے زمین الاٹ کی گئی، کچھ بعد میں یہ بھائی اپنے دماغ سے اضافہ کرتے گئے۔تینوں بظاہر بہت اچھے بھائی تھے۔ مگر طلال احمد جو کہ دل میں بغض رکھتا تھا، وہ اور اس کا باپ احمد بخش تین ہزار ایکڑ کے امورخود سے ہی دیکھتے تھے۔سب کام بہت خوش اسلوبی سے ہورہے تھے۔تینوں بھائیوں میں بگاڑ تب پیدا ہواجب دوسرا بھائی اپنی زندگی میں ہی اپنے حصے کی زمین اپنی بیویوں کے نام کردینا چاہتا تھا۔ناطق نے بھائیوں کے پیار میں بھی بتایا ہے کہ خون کے رشتے ،سگے بھائی بھی کس طرح جائیداد کے لالچ میں ایک دوسرے کے خون کے پیاسے ہو جاتے ہیں۔صادق بخش ہمیشہ سے چاہتا تھا اور اس سلسلے میں اپنے بڑے بھائی احمد بخش کو بہت بار کہہ چکاتھاکہ وہ اپنا حصہ اپنی بیویوں کے نام کرنا چاہتا ہے اور احمد بخش ہمیشہ ٹال مٹول سے کام لیتا تھا۔دونوں میں بہت تکرار ہوگئی اور بات طے پائی کہ وہ اس سال کپاس کی کاشت پر رقم دونوں بیویوں میں تقسیم کردے گا۔اس تکرار کی وجہ سے اب بھائی ساتھ میں کم بیٹھتے تھے۔مگر احمد بخش نے اپنا...
Personality development is the process of improvement in behaviors and attitudes to make an individual a unique person. Sufism brings about positive changes in the behaviors of individuals. The positive changes are brought through moral development within inductive environment griped by building of character. Moral development guides through “Zuhud” and “Taqwa” for minimization of material luxuries, enhancement of repentance and self-purification. The purpose of moral development is achieved with an institution articulated with teacher-student (Murshid-Murid) relationships; this environment ensures the provision of guidance and scholarships for the engaged students. The engagement of students revolves around knowledge, awareness and behavior. In the dimension of knowledge students are helped with raising moral and spiritual awarenessto enhance firmness in faith and encouragement towards good deeds. In addition, behavioral (amal) dimension is covered with remembrance of Allah, optional prayers, fasting services, alms giving along with obligatory ones. All these behavioral deeds are performed with devotion for the sake of closeness “Taqarrub” to Allah. Finally, ma’rifat (Recognition) is applied to secure soundness in building of character.
Thesis Title: English for Medical Purposes: A Case of English for Specific Purposes The present study aimed at investigating the academic and professional English language communicative needs of medical learners in Pakistan. The study explored the frequency of usage of English, its importance in various activities related to medical field, the existing level of English proficiency of medical learners also identified opinions about learning English at medical colleges in Pakistan. In order to investigate academic and professional English language needs of medical learners, empirical research was conducted by means of survey questionnaires. I employed techniques of purposive sampling and stratified random sampling. Four questionnaires were constructed for four groups of medical discourse community; students of medicine, teachers of medicine, medical trainees, and medical administrators. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Closed-ended items were analyzed quantitatively by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and open-ended items were analyzed qualitatively by reviewing responses, grouping related responses and identifying common themes. The findings revealed that English was extensively used both in medical studies and profession. English was considered highly important to carry out various activities in medical field. The findings presented that medical learners’ existing level of English proficiency is not adequate to meet their linguistic needs and thus English is highly required. The findings revealed that the amount of English taught before joining medical college is not adequate to meet academic and professional medical needs of the medical learners therefore a course of English is required to address the problem. Based on the findings, needs oriented course of English has been recommended for its implementation in medical colleges of Pakistan. The findings provided directions for designing course contents that need to be integrated with enriched knowledge of all four skills of English language with a close emphasis on productive skills (speaking and writing) as compared to receptive skills (reading and listening). The study indicated the needs of specific methodology and trainings of English language teachers for teaching English in medical colleges. The overall findings of the study revealed dire need of course of English that should be urgently implemented in the medical colleges of Pakistan.