Manufacturing play a significant role in the uplift of a country by creating jobs, increasing exports, and boosting Gross Domestic Product (GDP). On a firm level, firms need to have a well thought out operations strategy for improved manufacturing. Each dimension of operations strategy can be turned into competitive advantages that help in achieving goals and objectives of the firm. Firms operate in an open environment which requires it to respond to its forces. The environmental forces that make a firm to respond to its environment include ever increasing competition, changes in the market needs, and advances in technology. Owing to the importance of business environment, strategic planning, and operations strategy, the research aims to develop a conceptual model and test the inter-relationship among these constructs for enhancing our understanding of the mutual relationships. Through survey/questionnaire, usable data has been collected from 244 manufacturing SMEs operating in KP, Pakistan. The questionnaire consists of measuring constructs namely business environment (dynamism and complexity), strategic planning, operations strategy (cost, quality, delivery, and flexibility), and firm performance (financial and non-financial performance). Data screening were done prior to conducting statistical analysis. For reliability check, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), alpha values, and composite reliability were conducted. For ascertaining the validity of the constructs, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), average variance extracted, maximum shared variance were calculated. Similarly, for testing any relationship among constructs, path analyses were conducted. In addition, multi group analyses were carried out to find out if high performers and low performers differ in attaching importance to a particular variable. The results generated from both descriptive as well as multivariate analysis indicate strong significant relationship among business environment, strategic planning, operations strategy, and firm performance. These results reinforce the theory of alignment, contingency, and dynamic capabilities for attaining business performance. The contribution of the study is manifold, that is, to practitioners, managers, policy makers, government, theoretical and conceptual. Study limitations include availability of funds (self-financed), time (cross sectional), availability of data (perceptual), lack of trust and complaining nature of respondents, and data limited only to SMEs manufacturing operating in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Muslims scholars in principle agree that non-combatants are protected and that they lose protection when they directly participate in hostilities. However, the issues of defining the scope of non-combatant and that of direct participation remain contentious which resultantly cause confusions about the protection of medical personnel. The present paper digs out principles of Islamic law relating to the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict and for this purpose focuses on a doctor who works for humanity and who provides medical assistance to all and gives priority on the basis of need only. It tries to find answers to questions such as: is the doctor muqatil (combatant)? Does the act of providing medical assistance to the enemy combatants make the doctor liable for direct participation in hostilities? Does Islamic law distinguish between the legal consequences of direct and indirect participation in hostilities? After exploring the rich Islamic legal literature on the protection of medical personnel during armed conflict, the paper also examines the legal consequences of abuse of the protected status.
Sunflower is an improtant oil seed crop that have potential to bridge up the huge gap between oil production and consumption in Pakistan. Present study was carried out to evaluate the potential of beneficial root associted bacteria with ultimate objective to improve sunflower growth, nutrient uptake, yield and oil contents. Total 67 bacterial isolates were purified from four locations of Pakistan and characterized for plant beneficial traits like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. The isolates showed the production of IAA (0.06 to 10.65 μg mL-1), solubilization of inorganic phosphate (9.71 to 37.34 μg mL-1) and nitrogenase activity of 34.96 to 146.33 ηMol mg-1 protein h-1. Ten potent PGPR strains exhibiting more than one plant beneficial traits in vitro were found metabolically diverse (in phenotypic microarray analysis) showing their wide-range of environmental adaptibility. The screened isolates were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and they were found to belong to Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter and Alcaligenes genera. The nitrogen fixing strains were confirmed for the property through nifH gene sequencing with 96-98 % similarity to different strains. Phosphate solubilization and organic acid production (gluconic, lactic, malic and tartaric) ability of selected strains is positivly correlated with decrease in pH of growth medium (r = 0.904 to 0.997). Only three out of eight P-solubilizing bacteria showed the presence of pqqE gene which were also able to produce gluconic acid. The pqqE gene sequence of Pseudomonas marginalis Fs-3, Enterobacter sp. Fs-11 and Pseudomonas sp. Ms-16 showed 96%, 98% and 98% identity with Gluconobacter oxydans, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. A comparative phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, nifH and pqqE genes revealed considerable phylogenetic differneces at species as well as genus level. Nitrogen fixing Pseudomnas trivialis Fs-9, Pseudomonas sp. Fs-15 and P- solubilizing Enterobacter sp. Fs-11 were checked for root colonization through transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that these strains were intense colonizers of sunflower rhizosphere. Moreover, sunflower seedlings, inoculated with yellow flourescent protein (yfp) labelled strain Fs-11, were obsrved under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) which confirmed its potential of colonizing roots. Plant inoculation experiment with nitrogen fixing strains (Pseudomonas trivialis Fs-9, Pseudomonas sp. Fs-15, Bacillus sp. Ms-7 and Alcaligenes faecalis Ms-8) significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased sunflower growth and nitrogen uptake or nitrogen fixed by Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes spp. as compared to un-inoculated plants. In another pot experiment, phosphate solubilizing strains (Pseudomonas marginalis Fs- 3, P. trivialis Fs-9, Enterobacter sp. Fs-11, Pseudomonas sp. Fs-13, Bacillus sp. Ms- 7, Pseudomonas sp. Ms-16, Alcaligenes faecalis Ss-2 and Bacillus sp. Ps-5) significanlty (P≤ 0.05) enhanced plant growth and phosphate uptake as compared to un-treated plants. In green house experiment conducted in soil to determine the colonization potential and effect on sunflower growth of rifampicin resistant derivatives of Enterobacter sp. Fs-11 and Pseudomonas sp. Fs-15, strain Fs-11 and Fs-15 were sucessfully recovered from sunflower rhizosphere and rhizoplane up to 30 days after transplanting at a cell density of 6-8 cfu g-1of root fresh wt. or rhizosphere soil. Both the strains significantly (P≤ 0.05) augmented sunflower growth parameters in single inoculation, but the effect on plants inoculated with mixed inoculum (Fs-11 + Fs-15) was found non-significant as compared to un-inoculated plants. Three field experiments were conducted at Faisalabad, Peshawar and Rawalakot and inoculation of strains Fs-9, Fs-11 and Fs-15 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased sunflower growth, nutrient uptake, yield and oil contents as compared to un- inoculated treatment with half dose and without fertilizer. Sunflower achene yield and oil contents were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with growth and physiological parameters of sunflower. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies, it is concluded that strains Fs-9, Fs-11 and Fs-15 are potential PGPR that can enhance sunflower yield and oil contents by increasing nutrient uptake and IAA production. These strains can be used as bio-inoculats for sunflower crop along with the reduced dose of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.