This comprehensive study was carried out in the urban area of Peshawar, Pakistan, to analyze the Households’ (HHs) demand for improved water and sanitation services. As a capital city, Peshawar has much Push and Pull factors of migration along with all possible environmental and sociological ramifications. Over the past few decades, the natural population growth and the influx of Afghan refugees followed by the recent settlement of IDPs has triggered urban sprawl resulting in an immense pressure on the municipal services. In the absence of proper urban planning, the poorly functioning institutional capacity and the land market are promoting irregulated land transfer and speculation, the households tend to cluster together. This trend has overburdened the carrying capacity of existing infrastructure and the municipal services can no longer cope with the needs of the continuously expanding urban population. Water and sanitation are usually taken into consideration in isolation, however, they are complementary and mostly jointly demanded. In most cases, they cannot be studied in isolation. While designing a project for water and sanitation usually the beneficiaries are ignored altogether, although communities have both the right and obligation to be involved in the planning and implementation of any project and programmes. Limited data is available about the socio-economic condition, municipal services, and the demand-side information of household priorities, preferences and their Willingness to Pay (WTP) for improved water and sanitation services. The weak political commitment, inadequate institutional capacity, poor technology, and scanty financing are some of the major obstacles to acceptable water and sanitation services. In light of the above mentioned problems the present study is a preliminary work and step towards a pluralistic approach to incorporate communal values to analyze the household demand for improved WSS for ensuring better planning in district Peshawar. The Contingent Valuation (CV) survey method with a sample size of six hundred (600) was used to investigate HHs demand for improved Water and Sanitation Services (WSS) through a well-designed questionnaire. Data was collected through the household survey, field observation, and Key Informant Interview (KII). The perceptions of the HHs were evaluated through various statistical tools like satisfaction, priority, and performance indices. The Linear Logistic Model was used to estimate the impact of various influencing factors on the household demand for improved WSS. xiv The findings reveal that majority of HHs (89.8 per cent) are served by Water and Sanitation services Company in Peshawar (WSSP) and have public water tap facilities at home. However, most of the respondents (72 per cent) are not satisfied with these services and have reported poor quality, low pressure, inadequate quantity, unreliability, and distance from the source as the main problems. The study reveals that the lack of funds, paucity of modern tools, improper planning and insufficient skilled staff are the major obstacles in the provision of quality WSS. Majority of the HHs (89 per cent) are willing to pay PKR 328 per month for Improved Water Services (IWS)1 . Policy variables such as the income of the respondents, education, occupation, ownership of the house and household size have a significant impact on household demand for IWS. Regarding sanitation, the analysis shows that a majority of HHs (97 per cent) have latrine facility at home but the latrines are not connected to the sewerage line. In the absence of proper sewerage facilities, 80 per cent respondents report that the existing environmental condition of the area is pathetic and unhygienic. Chocked drains, dysfunctional wastewater treatment plant, absence of the sewerage line, lack of public latrines, inadequate water supply and improper solid waste management are the main problems of the study area. Majority of households (93 per cent) are not satisfied with the existing services and demand for Improved Sanitation Services (ISS)2. Policy variables such as income, education and household employment have a statistically significant impact on household demand for ISS. The study further revealed that a majority of households (452) are willing to pay PKR 220 per month for ISS. This study concludes that a pluralistic approach for incorporation of the communal values is imperative in the planning process for a city like Peshawar. This approach will increase the level of satisfaction of a majority of households, create a sense of ownership among the people, and generate additional revenues for the sustenance of these services. This study also identifies new avenues for further investigation in water and sanitation in the region.
بولیاں (۱) باہجوں رب دے نہیں تیرا اے ٹھکانہ، دشمن مارے بولیاں (۲) جٹی بنھ کے لاچا لمکاوے، گُت نالوں ڈباں لمیاں (۳) پئی داتری چھنا چھن وجدی، جٹی ہن واڈھی کردی (۴) ہتھ نازک پھلاں توں وھ کے، داتری دے وس پے گئے (۵) جٹی آکے ڈائیوو وچ بہہ گئی، موٹر وے آباد ہو گیا (۶) پنڈ دکھاں دی پھراں پیا چا کے، ساتھی میرا کوئی نہیں لبھدا (۷) پنڈ دکھاں دی سرے اتے چا کے، وڈا میں روگی ہو گیا (۸) پنڈ دکھاں دی میں سٹ نہیں سکدا، وخت وچ پے گئی جندڑی (۹) پنڈ دکھاں دی نے کنی اے تروڑی، ساہ تاں کڈھانویں سجناں (۱۰) دکھاں نال میں سیتا تے پرویا، دکھاں والی پنڈ چا کے
(۱۱) جٹی ٹوول دے کھاڈے وچ بہ گئی، بجلی شڑنگ کر گئی (۱۲) ونگاں ٹٹیاں بنے اتے ساگ دے، پیر نوں مروڑا آگیا (۱۳) تینوں نیندراں نے آن ستایا، اسیں آئے گپ شپ نوں (۱۴) جیویں باجرے دے سٹے نیں نروئے، انج دی جوانی یار دی (۱۵) چھلی دودھیا مکئی جیویں ابھری، یار تے جوانی آگئی (۱۶) کڑیاں ایہہ نیں لاہور وچوں آئیاں، ٹردیاں چھم کر کے (۱۷) جان پئی وچ ہجر فراقاں، جدوں دا سوہنا یار رسیا (۱۸) کڑیاں ایہہ نیں لاہور وچوں آئیاں، سر تے دوپٹہ کوئی ناں (۱۹) جان لُٹی گئی وچ ہجر فراقاں، جدوں دا اے یار رسیا (۲۰) تینوں واسطہ ای بانہہ نہ مروڑیں، رت ڈلھ ڈلھ جاونی
(۲۱) چھڈ دنیا دے یار پواڑے، دنیا چند دن دی (۲۲) سارے ٹریکٹر ٹرالیاں نے تیرے، میں مٹھ ساگ بھننا (۲۳) ساری رات وچ گئی اے اڈیکاں، سرگی دا ویلا ہو گیا (۲۴) وعدے کر کے تے یار نہیوں آیا، ہتھاں وچ پھل سک گئے (۲۵) آئیاں تیریاں نہ اجے تشریفاں، سرواں دے پھل کھڑ پئے (۲۶) پھل کھڑے...
There has been described the meaning of Wakalat and its type. Who can be agent? What are the conditions of it? How it can be used? Where it is used? How it can be eliminated? What is the status of it in Current kinds of Cards? In which things the wakalat will be eligible. Allah has permitted for wakalat as it was mentioned in this article, because it is a necessary need of a human being without it one never can do all around his works, issues and important goods. For Wakalat it is very credible that Wakeel must has experience in the relevant subject without experience he can give countless loss for his Mowakkil, as well as be eligible, trustful, honest, sensible, aware of current affairs. Existence of wakalat has been described by all jurispru-dence and religious scholars divided Wakalat in two types (1) common Wakalat (2) special Wakalat and their command according to the holy Quraan and sunnat. What is the command of wakalat in almighty Allah’s affairs? Is it allowed or prohibited according to the Islamic point of view.
Since its inception in (1947), Pakistan has been experiencing several episodes of trade imbalance, disapproving balance of payments and exchange rate volatility. Particularly, Pakistan has experienced currency devaluation for the very first time in 1955 followed by 1972 and 1996. Similarly, in the most recent five fiscal years, Pakistani currency experienced the highest currency devaluation in history. If the currency of a domestic country depreciates, it boosts the domestic country's exports, whereas at the same time imports from the foreign country decreases-higher exports over imports lead to higher trade balances. The depreciated exchange rate cannot adjust trade imbalances instantaneously, rather it first worsens trade balances before achieving equilibrium is known as J-curve. As far as the literature of J-curve in the context of Pakistan is concerned, numerous studies have addressed this important issue using both the aggregate and disaggregate trade data. All the studies have assumed the exchange rate to be symmetric only-implying that currency depreciation improves trade balances while appreciation deteriorates it with the same magnitude. Nevertheless, trade balances respond to exchange rate changes in a nonlinear way therefore, the relationship could be asymmetric. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study in Pakistan which discusses the asymmetries of the exchange rate and trade balances. Particularly, among the existing literature on J. curve in the context of Pakistan, it is typically confined to only the symmetric relationship of the exchange rate and trade balances which yield mixed outcomes. Hence in this regard, the current the study applies Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (NL-ARDL) of Shin et al., (2014) to examine the asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on the bilateral trade balances of Pakistan and its 20 major trading partners (i.e., France, Japan, Korea, China, India, Indonesia, Germany, United States of America, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Malaysia, Singapore, Belgium, Canada, Hong-Kong, Australia, Spain, Netherland, and Italy). The data for this study is retrieved from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)and State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) for the period 1982QI-2018Q2. The nonlinear model incorporates both the short run and long run asymmetries of exchange rate changes on trade balances. Specifically, the findings of this study found that the short-run asymmetric effects of real exchange rate exist for countries such as the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Germany, Australia, Netherland, Indonesia, Spain, France, Saudi Arabia and Switzerland that subsequently lasted into long-run asymmetric effects for only five trading partners. This short-run and long-run asymmetries suggest that exchange rate depreciation and appreciation have significantly different impacts on trade balances. Also, the results of the nonlinear model yield more evidence in support of the J-curve phenomenon- implying that Pak. Rupee depreciation causes immediate trade deterioration combined with the long-run improvement which however exists incase of Australia and Netherland