مہر آپ جدوں مہربان کردا
رب مشکلاں سب آسان کردا
شاہ رگ دے کولوں وی ہے نیڑے
آپ وچ قرآن فرمان کردا
ہک وار دیدار نصیب ہوندا
جان لکھ کروڑ قربان کردا
میرا ہیں تے بن کے رہویں میرا
ایسے گل اُتّے بندہ مان کردا
دکھی دردی نوں لیندا لا سینے
اک وار چا یار احسان کردا
نِت پنڈ گناہاں دی کراں کٹّھی
نِت فضل ہے رب رحمان کردا
تیرے پیار اندر عمر گئی ساری
ہور سوچ کی ایہہ نادان کردا
عشق دسدا اپنا آپ جس دم
عقل سوچ دانائی حیران کردا
The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.
In the past few decades migration of people from one part of the world to another for multiple reasons like job opportunities, education, etc., results in societies to transform into multicultural and multiethnic societies. Increasingly cultural, ethnic and religious diversity have become one of the most important challenges which human society is facing across the globe (Cross, 2004). Nations who are not prepared to face this challenge are in fronting extremism, ethnic and religious conflicts which in turn harm the human value system. As diversity is a global challenge and how we address it will have global consequences, urgency is required in order to address the issue of diversity as an opportunity rather than a burden. Many educationalists and social activists believe that educational systems are the appropriate platform to deal with diversity issues. Educational institutes are now more populated with the students from diverse cultural, ethnic, geographical and religious backgrounds. Education is expected to contribute to stabilizing, conflicts, eliminating cultural stereotypes, encouraging intercultural dialogue, and promoting peace, tolerance and mutual understanding. The education systems particularly higher education is continuously reflecting on their policies and practices which has greater impact on students' learning gains in these diverse societies. In this regard the study aims to explore practices of an educational institute in promoting ethnic diversity through a case study in a private university. This study can be seen as the first of its kind in the context of Pakistan which could contribute in overcoming the challenges and issues related to diversity. Furthermore, it will contribute to the development of a healthy working relationship among the stakeholders from diverse ethnic, religious and cultural backgrounds. This study may also open the avenues for future studies with reference to diversity management with regard to the education system in a developing world context like Pakistan. The central research question that guides the study was: How do the practices of an educational institute (private university) promote ethnic diversity? This study has been conducted through the case study method within the qualitative research paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, artifact analysis and observations. Since the purpose of the study was to explore the phenomena of diversity in an educational organization, certain actors were the focus of the study. The director, four faculty members and four students from diverse backgrounds were selected as research participants through purposive sampling. The findings reveal that perception and