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An Analysis of the Design Features of Urdu - English Dictionary for Advanced Learners of English in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Mahmood Ahmad

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

City

Multan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

English Language & Literature

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1432

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724476195

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The present study is an empirical study into the design features of Urdu - English dictionary for advanced learners of English in Pakistan. It takes into account the language needs as well as the reference skills of advanced Pakistani learners of English. The introductory chapter is a brief introduction to the origins of Urdu and tries to answer questions like: Why some Urdu lexicographers included Sanskrit and Persian words in their dictionaries? Has Urdu changed much over time? Is there a dominant variety of Urdu? What is the relationship between Urdu and indigenous languages? Situations where the users of an Urdu-English dictionary may not be the native speakers of Urdu? It also spells out the aims of the study. Chapter II contains the Dictionary Research Test (DRT) which was conducted at the Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. The purpose of the DRT was to evaluate the effectiveness of a trial dictionary, Power Advanced Learners Urdu-English Dictionary (PALUED) which had been specially prepared for the test. The dictionary was, in fact, an improved version of the existing learner’s dictionary, namely, Caravan Advanced Learners Urdu-English Dictionary (CALUED). The results showed that the participants found the trial dictionary to be more useful than the existing dictionary. Chapter III deals with the reference skills of the participants of the study. It seeks to point out the weaknesses in their ability to locate and retrieve the required information and suggests some practicable measures to improve the skills of the dictionary users. Chapter IV examines various criteria, such as pedagogic, linguistic and sociolinguistic, for determining the macro-structure of the advanced learner’s Urdu-English dictionaries with special focus on the language needs and reference skills of the target users. Chapter V is concerned with the various kinds of the information – semantic, syntactic, phonological, and stylistic – to be included in the 3dictionaries under discussion. Chapter VII is on reference works other than L1-L2 dictionaries which are aimed to help users in encoding activities. Such awareness is an integral part of the reference skills of the users who should know which kind of reference works can fulfill which language needs. The final chapter contains recognition of the shortcomings of the thesis along with recommendations, and suggestions for future research.
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غزل

کل کے سکھ تو گروی رکھے, پچھلے بوجھ اتارے

اندر اندر سلگوں لیکن نکلوں زلف سنوارے

 

جانتی ہوں میں تیز ہوا ہے راہ میں رستہ روکے

کون  ہے ,خوشبو کے لہجے میں جا کر اسے پکارے

 

ایسے لگتا ہے میں خود ہی اس پہ جھولنا چاہوں

مجھ کو درد کی سولی سے اب آکے کون اتارے

 

اسی لیے تو نیند کی دیوی سے میں چھپنا چاہوں

روز مری آنکھوں سے کوئی آگ سے خواب گزارے

 

دیکھ دیکھ کے ان کو حوصلہ ملتا تو ہے مجھ کو

میری طرح سے جاگتے ہیں یہ شب بھر چاند ستارے

 

ایک اداسی کے دھاگے میں خود ہی بندھتی جاؤں

میری سوچوں پر یہ کون ہے خوف کے چھینٹے مارے

 

درد کے پیکر میں ڈھل جاتے ہیں معلوم نہیں

میری غزلیں, میری نظمیں, میرے

PEMBINAAN SEX EDUCATION DALAM MENGHADAPI PENYIMPANGAN SEKSUAL KAUM NABI LUTH ZAMAN NOW

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Pharmacological & Toxicological Evaluation of Nelumbo Nucifera Fruit

Recently use of herbal therapies and diet rich in flavonoids and vitamins has augmented significantly to manage minor to modest illnesses. But further studies are necessary to assess the pharmacological and toxicological effects of plants. Hence current study was intended to assess the pharmacologic and toxic effects of Nelumbo nucifera fruit ethanol extract. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the seed pods of the N. nucifera fruit extract exposed the existence of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids in it. The acute toxicity study of the N. nucifera fruit extract revealed its LD50value to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. N. nucifera fruit have exhibited strong anxiolytic, antidepressant and antiepileptic activities and that is perhaps both segments of the N. nucifera fruit (seed and seed pod) are rich in significant phytochemical constituents e.g. flavonoids and alkaloids. Flavonoids, saponins and tannins have also reported inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid metabolism in various studies, hence it can be stated that the analgesic and anti- inflammatory effects of N. nucifera fruit may be due to the presence of these secondary metabolites in it. Present study has also revealed lipid lowering and antithrombotic effects of N. nucifera fruit. The inhibitory effect on lipid auto-oxidation and free radical scavenging activity of flavonoids, tannins and procyanidin might be a possible mechanism of its lipid lowering activity, whereas inhibitory effects of flavonoids and alkaloids (neferine and liensinine) on thromboxane A2 formation and platelet aggregation may be a reason of its antithrombotic effect. Present study also conducted sub-chronic toxicity studies which showed no substantial hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in hepatic and renal tissues of most animals of treated groups, however hepatic and renal sections of few animals showed reversible mild to moderate inflammatory changes which were in agreement with biochemical alterations. Hence it can be concluded that N. nucifera fruit has enormous therapeutic potential and is highly safe for short term use but may be used in moderate doses if required for prolonged period; however more investigationsarerequiredinthisfieldtoconfirm these findings.