منصف ہاشمی کی نثری نظمیں
نثر اور نظم میں کیا فرق ہے؟ نوراللغات میں ’’نثر‘‘ کی تشریح ان الفاظ میں کی گئی ہے۔ ’’وہ عبارت جو نظم نہ ہو‘‘۔ یعنی لفظ ’’نثر ‘‘ کی اپنی کوئی حقیقت نہیں ہے۔ اسے’’ نظم‘‘کے منفیانہ یا تنسیخی معانی سے ہی پہچانا جائے۔۔۔ نثر کے لغوی معنی ہیں :’’پراگندہ‘‘، ’’بکھرا ہوا‘‘ ۔اس کی صفات میں’’ خشک‘‘، ’’غیر شاعرانہ‘‘ وغیرہ الفاظ تقریباً ہر لغت میں پائے جاتے ہیں۔ نثر کو نظم سے قریب ترلانے کے لیے جو حربے استعمال کیے گئے ان میں جملوں کے آخری الفاظ کا مقفیٰ ہونا شرطِ اول تھی۔ گویا نثر پر نظم کو مسلط کرنا شرطِ اول تھی، نہ کہ نظم پر نثر کی فوقیت کو جتانا۔ درحقیقت نثر نگاری دوسرے درجے کی ادبی کاوش ہے جب کہ نظم گوئی سرِ فہرست تھی۔ بیسویں صدی کے آخری تیس چالیس برسوں میں ’’نثری نظم ‘‘ کو ادبی جریدوں میں جگہ ملنی شروع ہوئی۔ لیکن اردو نے کبھی اس بات کو تسلیم نہیں کیا کہ’’ غزل گو‘‘یا ’’نظم گو‘‘کی جگہ ’’غزل نویس‘‘یا ’’نظم نویس‘‘ بطور اصطلاح تسلیم کیا جائے۔ ’’سخن‘‘ کا مطلب ’’بات‘‘ نہیں بلکہ’’موزوں بات‘‘ تسلیم کیا گیا ۔ا س کے لوازمات میں آہنگ ، لہجہ (صوت) ،زحافات کو صفِ اول میں جگہ دی گئی۔
منصف ہاشمی کو فیس بک اور رسائل کی وساطت سے میں دو دہائیوں سے پڑھ رہا ہوں۔ ارکان اور زحافات سے معرا ہونے کے باوجود ان کا آہنگ ایسے بیانیہ پر مبنی ہے جس میں نظم کی خصوصیات موجود ہیں۔ ترصیع، تجنیس، سجع، آہنگ اور سب سے بڑھ کر امیجری، شعر یات کے تقاضوں کو پورا کرتی ہیں۔ مترنم نہ ہونے کے باوجود ان کا بیانیہ شاعرانہ غنایت کا حامل ہے۔ ان کی نظمیں مضمون نگاری کے حوالے سے خیال بندی اور معاملہ بندی کی شرائط پر بھی پورا اترتی ہیں۔
موضوعات کے...
Background and Objective: Aging is influenced by culture, individual experiences, and socio-demographic characteristics along with societal expectations. Cognitive functioning and activity level in geriatric population may alter their participation in daily life activities thus this study aims to explore the required physical and social activities for cognitive alertness among Pakistani Geriatric population.
Methodology: An observation based study of 169 aging individuals who performed on MoCA for cognitive functioning and interviewed on IPAQ for duration of physical activity in everyday life.
Results: It is an observational study, conducted among the geriatric population of different areas of Pakistan. A total number of 169 individuals participated out of which 59 % were males and 40 % were females with a majority of the population 74% falling between 65-75 years of age. It was found that 59% of the male and only 19% of the female had 22 score on MoCA for cognitive functioning and these individuals were practicing physical activities such as brisk walk for 3 days a week for more than 40 minutes and are involve at least once a week in social activities.
Conclusion: The research finding concluded that physical activities and social gathering both has impact on cognitive function of geriatric population to participate actively in daily activities.
This dissertation based on the investigation of environmental friendly microwave heating for the synthesis of N-phenylanthranilic acid, acridone and acridine molecules with reference to their medicinal importance. Present dissertation consist of four chapters, each chapter describe different library of synthetic compounds their biological screening and structure characterization by spectroscopic analysis. Each chapter has its own compounds, figure, and reference number. Chapter one consists of introduction of microwave heating in different field of chemistry, its merits over conventional heating and its utilization in the synthesis of different bioactive heterocyclic molecules. Microwave assisted synthesis of Nphenylanthranilic acid performed by Ullmann reaction. Thirty compounds 35-64 were screen against urease, α-chymotrypsin, MCF-7 anticancer cells, antileishmanial, and bacterial multidrug resistance activities. In case of urease activity, twenty-three compounds were active with variable inhibitory values. Most active among them was compound 42 with three-fold inhibition of urease enzyme then the standard drug thiourea. Out of thirty derivatives eight derivatives have shown a -chymotrypsin inhibition while only one compound 50 was active against MCF-7 cancer cells lines. However good inhibition result obtains for bacterial multidrug resistance and antileishmanial where most of the compounds were significant active. Whereas noticeable antileishmanial result obtained for compounds 39, 40, 42, 48, 51 and 56 which can be contributed in finding of some lead molecule for further studies on antileishmanial drug. Chapter two describes the synthesis of Acridine-9-one analogs 48-71 by cyclization of N-phenylanthranilic acid under microwave heating and there in-vitro enzyme inhibition. All tested compounds inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme very significantly, compounds 54 and 64 even better than the standard acarbose. Similarly, for β-glucuronidase compounds 49, 51, and 52 have demonstrated improved activity than standard. Moderate anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal result obtained while compound 61 seen as good antioxidant agent. These properties offered to ascertain therapeutic potential of acridone moieties. In the course of research, Library of 9-oxo-N''-[(Z)-phenylmethylidene]-9,10dihydro-4-acridinecarbohydrazide analogs 7-47 synthesis under microwave irradiation performed and screen against in-vitro antileishmanial, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Compounds 25, 29, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39 and 45 have demonstrated good antileishmanial activity tested towards organism L. major. Majority of compounds have shown good inhibition against different strain of bacteria. Compound 30, 28 and 32 seen as most active against S. aureus, same as compounds 36-42, 44 and 46 towards C. diphtheria. Compound 40 found to be most active towards S. paratyphi A while all other derivatives have shown variable inhibition result against different bacterial strains. Eighteen derivatives found to be moderately active towards fungal species, among them compound 42 has shown highest inhibition against A. niger fungal strain. Last chapter of dissertation comprises of synthesis of acridine analogs with the use of clean and efficient microwave heating. Synthesis of 9-phenylacridine derivatives 39-52 performed by Bernthsen reaction in less time than conventional method and without the hindrance of unwanted side products formation. All synthesized molecules antileishmanial inhibition potential was than screened. Biological screening of all microwaves assisted synthesized analogs demonstrated that present research work would be helpful in the structure modifications of these scaffolds to enhance their therapeutic potential.