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An Appraisal of Illiteracy Reduction Plans and Designing a Low Cost Model to Improve Literacy Rate in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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External Link

Author

Hussain, Ashiq

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Education

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/163

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724480803

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Government of Pakistan has launched various illiteracy reduction plans from time to time to promote literacy rate in the country but these plans could not achieve the targets. This study was designed to appraise these illiteracy reduction plans and to design a low cost model to improve literacy rate in Pakistan. The main objectives of the study were: to appraise the illiteracy reduction plans introduced in Pakistan, from time to time, to identify the needs and problems of the direct affectees (all the illiterates above the age of 10 years), to know the ground realities regarding implementation of illiteracy reduction plans/projects at Government and NGOs level and to design a low cost model to improve the literacy rate in Pakistan. The population of the study was comprised of Educationists i.e. Ph.D. degree holders in Education, Executives working in the top level management in policy formation, plan designing, project development and program development, Executives working in National Planning Commission, Provincial Secretary, Additional Secretary, Deputy Secretary and EDOs (Education and literacy), Literacy teachers, Heads of different NGOs, Community representatives and Direct beneficiaries (the brick makers, manual workers, laborers, peasants etc). Snowball sampling technique was used to find the most relevant persons (respondents) for different illiteracy reduction programmes in different areas for the conduct of this research study. viA mixed-method research design was used i.e. data was quantitative and qualitative. For quantitative data a questionnaire was developed at five point rating scale ranging from ‘1’ indicating strongly disagree to ‘5’ indicating strongly agree; a selection of ‘3’ indicating uncertain/don’t know. For qualitative data some open ended questions were included in the questionnaire. An interview schedule was also developed for Head of NGOs, community representatives and direct beneficiaries. Data collection was started from the person who had been involved for long with the illiteracy eradication programmes. On his identification the other respondent was selected. Overall 1200 questionnaires were sent to the respondents but 998 questionnaires were got back. In this way, data was collected from 1348 (998 questionnaires and 350 interviews) respondents. Main findings of the study showed that need assessment was not carried out before launching illiteracy reduction programs, objectives of the illiteracy reduction programmes were not relevant to the literacy needs of the participants, local community was not involved in the running the literacy centers, religious leaders, intellectuals and retired personnel were not invited to support the illiteracy eradication programmes, and political instability in the country was a hurdle in the achievement of the targets of the illiteracy eradication programmes. In the light of the findings of the study, a low cost model was designed to improve the literacy rate in Pakistan. The proposed model was presented to 10 experts in the discipline of education for its validation. The model was improved in the light of experts’ opinion. They were satisfied that this low cost model will be useful for increasing the literacy rate in Pakistan.
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خاص خالق کی عطا ،خیر البشرؐ ،خیر الوریٰؐ


خاص خالق کی عطا ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ
اُمَّتی ہوں آپؐ کا ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ!

آسمانِ وقت پر ہے کہکشاؤں کی طرح
نقشِ پا کا سلسلہ ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ

ہوتی جاتی ہے اگر معدوم شاہوں میں سخا
آپؐ کے منگتوں کو کیا ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ!

آپؐ کے کہنے پہ کنکر ہو گئے محوِ سخن
آپؐ ہیں معجز نما ، خیرالبشر ، خیرالوریٰؐ

ظلم کی تاریکیوں میں ابنِ آدم کے لئے
روشنی کا سلسلہ ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ

انبیاؑء تو باقی سارے لے کے آئے معجزات
ہیں سراپا معجزہ ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ

انبیاؑء میں آپؐ کا ہم مرتبہ کوئی نہیں
اے امام انبیائؐ ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ

مظہرِ پیغامِ حق ہے ، جلوہ گاہِ نور ہے
آج بھی غارِ حرا ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ

منتشر اجزائے ہستی کو سلیقہ دے گیا
نقشِ پائے مصطفیؐ ، خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ

وادیٔ طائف کے پتھر ، اہلِ مکّہ کے ستم
در گذر کی انتہا! خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ

منصبِ محمودؐ پر عرفانؔ جچتا کون ہے؟
’’تاجدارِ انبیائؐ! خیرالبشرؐ ، خیرالوریٰؐ‘‘

الہامی کتب (تورات، زبور، انجیل اور قرآن) میں وارد اخلاقی رزائل کا تقابلی مطالعہ

Ethical Vices in Divine Books (Quran & Bible): A Comparative Study Morality implies values that distinguish between good and bad behavior. Divine religions have private behavioral value frameworks that are intended to guide followers in determining between right and wrong. Moral values are important in life because: If a person has never learned about moral values then how can he/she decide between the good and the bad. Moral values reflect an individual's character and spirituality. They help in building good relationships in personal as well as professional lives. In this article comparative study of ethical vices’ in light of divine books has been conducted. While doing so the behaviors like Pretention, Miserly, scrooge, Exuberance, Slandering, to lie, Faults/ Curiosity, make fun etc. Are being discussed and analyzed in order to highlight the moral teachings of the divine books. Texts from Torah, Psalm, Gospels and Quran on these vices are studied and analyzed. Study shows that divine books other than Quran have discussed immoral or wicked behavior briefly and just point out the vices but Quran and Sunnah discussed in detail about wicked behavior and also educate about the strategies that can steer you away from temptations and vices. Thus, the Qur’ᾱnic laws and injunctions make our life good and purposeful in this world and hereafter.

Skin: Acne Vulgaris Genetics and Molecular Responses to Bacterial Challenges

Skin is first line of defense against physical, chemical as well as biological environment. Human skin conditions are the 4 th non-fatal and 18 th fatal leading cause of global disease burden. Among skin diseases, bacterial infections are responsible for 66, 500 deaths annually. A number of the antibiotics have been produced to combat infectious agents; however, continuous emergence of resistant strains is a big challenge for human health and pharmaceutical industry. Skin is an ideal organ to study molecular responses to biological infections by virtue of diverse skin cells specialized in immune responses. Acne vulgaris is a top 8 th multifactorial skin disease of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) infected pilosebaceous units with maximum prevalence in Asian population. Acne vulgaris is gaining importance as model disease to gain insight in molecular mechanisms of infectious and multifactorial skin diseases. Several factors involved in acne vulgaris pathogenesis has been investigated, however exact mechanisms and key regulators of acne initiation are still unidentified. The investigation of skin-microbe interaction using acne vulgaris as model disease would be helpful in understanding the host-microorganism relationship. Therefore, we used three approaches to investigate skin-microbe interactions in acne vulgaris model. First we investigated the role of heredity and dietary factors, as well as serum metabolites in acne pathogenesis. Second, skin responses to Gram positive bacteria-challenges were studied using microarray metaanalysis approach. Finally, differential gene expression in skin exposed to Gram positive bacterial strains was compared for further understanding of skin infections. Acne genetics was studied in 530 acne patients (329 Female and 201 male) recruited from outdoor patients department (OPD) of Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Lahore hospitals from Punjab province. For comparison 550 age, sex and ethnicity matched healthy controls (332 Female and 218 male) were also selected. The association of inflammatory cytokines single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including IL-6 (-174 G/C and -572 G/C), IL-1α (-889 C/T), TNF-α (-857 C/T, -863 C/A and -1031 T/C) and adipokine resistin (+299 G/A and -420 C/G), with acne vulgaris was investigated using PCR-RFLP method. Serum lipid profile was compared in 530 acne patients and 550 healthy controls using enzymatic endpoint spectrophotometric method to study importance of Skin: Acne vulgaris genetics and molecular responses to bacterial challenges dietary factors in acne pathogenesis. In addition serum levels of TNF-α, apolipoprotein-a (apo-a) and platelet activation marker platelet factor 4 (PF4) were measured in 89 acne patients using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The public repository “GEO Datasets” search for microarray data of skin responses to bacterial challenges in mammals presented two different study groups, first bovine primary mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) and udder responses to mastitis causing bacteria; second human systemic as well as skin and immune cells responses to S. aureus and S. aureus components. The more homogenous microarray data for bovine mastitis causing bacterial challenges was analyzed using RankProd, RMAExpress and DAVID software to optimize metaanalysis methodology. In addition, skin biopsies were taken from human skin exposed to P. acnes, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and Toll-like receptors1/2 (TLR1/2) agonist (Pam3CSK4), and differentially expressed genes were identified using Affymetrix microarray chips. The current study revealed that the genetics background is very important in prediction of acne development risk in Pakistani population. The resistin (+299 G/A and -420 C/G), IL-6 (-572 G/C), IL-1α (-889 T/C) and TNF-α (-863 C/A) gene polymorphisms were strongly associated, whereas TNF-α gene polymorphism at - 1031 T/C was not associated with pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Furthermore, IL-6 (- 174 G/C) and TNF-α (-857 C/T) gene polymorphisms showed protective role in acne risk development. In addition, haplotype analysis showed that resistin polymorphisms minor allele combination increased the risk of acne development whereas the presence of major allele combination of IL-6 polymorphisms reduced risk of acne development in Pakistani population. The lipid profile determination showed that levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides were significantly increased in patients than in controls, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly decreased in patients than in respective controls. The apo-a levels did not show association with acne vulgaris. These results revealed importance of dietary lipids in acne pathogenesis. In addition, TNF-α and PF4 levels were significantly increased in acne patients with severe acne symptoms. The bovine microarray metaanalysis revealed that bovine mastitis causing bacteria suppress metabolic enzymes involved in milk production. Importantly, metaanalysis of microarray data from S. aureus- and S. aureus components- Skin: Acne vulgaris genetics and molecular responses to bacterial challenges challenged cells indicated that innate immune process genes were induced while adaptive immunity genes were suppressed in the S. aureus challenged cells. Conversely, S. aureus components induced adaptive immunity genes and suppressed innate immunity genes. In addition, this metaanalysis revealed different cytoprotective strategies adopted by S. aureus to evade host immune system mediated bactericidal activity. In this context, live S. aureus, inactivated S. aureus, and conditioned media from planktonic cultures of S. aureus induced cellular processes. However, S. aureus biofilms conditioned media induced anti-apoptotic genes as cytoprotective strategy. Importantly, the results for experiment of human skin challenged with different Gram positive bacterial strains revealed that P. acnes and S. aureus significantly induced cell cycle genes while suppressing keratinocytes differentiation. In addition, P. acnes and S. aureus significantly suppressed Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) specific bacterial components processing genes. S. epidermidis, a skin commensal, did not induce genes while it suppressed few membrane receptor genes. Interestingly, differentially expressed genes in Pam3CSK4-challenged cells were similar to those in P. acnes- and S. aureus-challenged cells, except that cell cycle genes were not induced and adaptive immunity genes were stimulated. This finding suggests that P. acnes and S. aureus induced skin cells proliferation genes through the receptors other than, or in addition to TLR1/2. The comparison of differential expression between P. acnes- and S. aureus- challenged cells showed that in contrast to the P. acnes, S. aureus significantly induced innate immunity system together with cell division genes. S. aureus induced innate immune processes and suppressed bacterial components processing genes more strongly than P. acnes. This finding may explain the pathogenic behavior of S. aureus. Finally, comparison of differential expression in P. acnes- vs. Pam3CSK4-challenged cells indicated that cell cycle and apoptosis genes were prominently induced by P. acnes while Pam3CSK4 induced innate immunity and wounding response genes similar to the changes in S. aureus- challenged cells. In conclusion, this study revealed importance of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines genetics, dietary factors and platelets in acne pathogenesis and proposed that resistin may be a key regulator of acne initiation. The role of resistin in acne vulgaris etiology needs to be further investigated to ascertain the current findings. Skin: Acne vulgaris genetics and molecular responses to bacterial challenges This study also explained the reason for reduced milk production in cows infected with mastitis-causing bacteria. The metaanalysis of S. aureus- and S. aureus components-challenged bacteria explained its pathogenic behavior and revealed bacterial strategies to induce disease while avoiding the host immune system. Furthermore, microarray analysis of skin treated with P. acnes and other Gram positive bacteria indicated different infectivity mechanisms of pathogenic, optimistic- pathogenic and commensal bacterial strains. This study described new insights in acne pathogenesis and skin-microbe interaction, and also proposed the questions for further research efforts to understand the interaction between a host and its microorganisms." xml:lang="en_US