The aim of this thesis is to quantify emissions of selected halogenated refrigerant Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) and to make an assessment of some important non-halogenated trace gases, that involve or affect atmospheric O3 chemistry, over megacity Lahore (Pakistan). Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP) weighted emissions of halogenated gases such as CFC 11, CFC 12, HCFC 141b and HFC 134a have been quantified in Lahore during 2005-2013. Additionally, anthropogenic emissions, spatial patterns, seasonal variabilities and trends have also been discussed for non-halogenated trace gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) by using multi satellite and emission inventories data, and air masses trajectories analyses. To estimate ODP and GWP weighted emissions from Lahore, ODSs emissions have been quantified from production, repair/maintenance, and waste/disposal phases. During these phases the cumulative emissions of CFC 11, CFC 12, HCFC 141b and HFC 134a have been estimated to be 1.48 giga-grams which have contributed 293.3 tonnes of ODP (CFC 11-equivalent) and 1.87 mega-tonnes of GWP (CO2-equivalent). Significant declines in ODP (-8.4% yr-1) and GWP (-7.1% yr-1) have been observed during production phase for the period from 2005 to 2013 largely linked to the implementation of Montreal Protocol (1987) phase out programme. Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) based anthropogenic emissions of CH4 in Lahore have been recognized as the highest with 27% increase compared to the emissions from neighboring megacities Karachi, Delhi and Faisalabad during 2000-2008. SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) retrieved CH4 total column (TC) is found to be increasing at 4% over Lahore during 2003-2012. SCIAMCHY data also indicate a clear seasonality in CH4 TC with the highest column in August, whereas minimum column is observed in April. OMI observations identify Lahore and its surroundings as a prominent hotspot of tropospheric NO2 (tropo- NO2). A significant increase of 65% has been observed in tropo-NO2 column during 2004-2014. AIRS tropospheric CO (tropo-CO) observations indicate that Lahore has the second highest mean value of tropo-CO column in South Asia after megacity Delhi. An increase of 1.2 % is noted for tropo-CO column over Lahore during 2003-2012. July is found with the highest decadal increase of CO at 10.4% followed by August at 4.9%. It is observed that background CO has greater decrease rate of –0.84% yr–1 than the recent emissions at –0.56% yr–1. OMI Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) SO2 observations over Lahore reveal 2.4% yr-1 increase in SO2 during 2005-2014 with the highest monthly mean peak in December. EDGAR anthropogenic CO2 emissions and AIRS mid-tropospheric CO2 concentration show increasing trends at 3.1% yr-1 (during 1990-2008) and 1.8 ppm yr-1 (during 2002-2012) respectively. Satellite data suggest that long-range transport of volcanic SO2 from Jabal Al-Tair (Yemen), Dalaffilla (Ethiopia), Nabro (Eritrea) and Mount Etna (Italy) volcanoes has played a significant role in PBL-SO2 enhancements over Lahore. Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) TOC observations over Lahore show a minor increase at 1.1% yr-1 with the highest monthly mean value in April during 2004-2014. This rise is majorly linked to enhancements in ozone precursors and decline in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emissions. This study identifies Lahore as a prominent hotspot of gaseous pollution at regional scale mainly associated with urbanization, industrialization, motorization, large scale crop-residue burning and power generation. The air masses trajectories analyses show that, apart from the transport of gaseous pollution between Lahore and the Indian states of Punjab, it can also be transported from northwestern areas near Pak-Afghan border, Nepal and Arabian Sea.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
38:01 a. Saad. b. By The Divine Qur’an - full of Remembrance and Reminders.
38:02 a. They do not have any reason to reject it. b. Instead, those who disbelieve are lost in conceit and dissent.
38:03 a. How many generations have WE destroyed before them for the same sins! b. Then they cried out for help when it was far too late to repent and escape the punishment.
38:04 a. Yet they are surprised that a Warner should come to them from among themselves. b. And the disbelievers say to one another: c. ‘This Prophet is a deceiver, a liar!’
38:05 a. How ‘has he made our worshipful entities into only One worshipful entity of Allah? b. Surely this is very astonishing and a curious thing, indeed!’
38:06 a. And the leaders among them went about saying: b. ‘Let us go out of here. c. And remain faithful to your worshipful entities. d. Indeed, this is what is extremely desirable.’
38:07 a. ‘We have not heard anything like this in the religion of these later days. b. So this concept is nothing but a fabrication.’
38:08 a. How has the Reminder - The Qur’an - been sent down on to him alone from among all of us? b. No! c. Instead, they are lost in doubts about MY Reminder.
d. No! e. In fact, they have not yet tasted MY Punishment!
The article titled: the rights of foetus in Islamic law, aims at explaining the rights of foetus without discussing different theories of the scholars in this regards. It also defines the foetus and gives literal and technical meanings besides different stages of foetus mentioned in the Holy Quran and the Hadith. The article explains the rights granted to foetus in the lights of serah before birth and these rights are a binding on the concerned people and violation of foetus’ s rights is prohibited and it is a cognizable offence. The article also discusses the attitude of west regarding foetus rights as the western society is totally ignorant about the rights of foetus and their legislation in this regard is contrary and several western laws are causing the violation of foetus’s rights. Thus, the champions of human’s rights are blind to the rights of foetus which is foundation and beginning of human life and first step for the human race. It is that has given these rights to mankind for the first time and informed human being about their rights through the first human’s rights charter given at the time of the Noble Prophet {blessing of Allah and peace be upon him}. This charter is known as the charter of Madina between the Muslims and the Jews. The article concludes: mankind cannot be protected unless the sperm of man is protected and foetus is protected in the womb of the mother from abortion because these are the future of humanity.
There is an increased emphasis on energy efficiency of manufacturing processes owing to their negative impact on environment. Machining is one of the most widely used process in the manufacturing industry and accounts for more than 15% value in the globally manufactured products. Electrical energy consumption is considered as the major source of environmental and economic impact of machining processes. A number of studies can be found in literature that model and optimize energy consumption in machining processes. However, most of these studies employ power and energy as response variables that makes them machine tool specific. Therefore a generalized machine tool independent approach needs to be developed for energy consumption analysis in machining processes. This research addresses this problem by utilizing specific cutting energy as a response variable. Specific cutting energy takes into account cutting power and material removal rate and is independent of machine tool. A novel specific cutting energy map approach has been presented in this research. Al 6061-T6 alloy has been used as the workpiece material owing to its extensive application in automotive, aerospace and other high-tech products. The developed energy maps can represent specific cutting energy consumption in the form of different regions (very high, high, moderate, low and very low) against varying cutting condition. The energy map approach has been applied in conventional, transitional and high speed machining ranges. The formation of specific cutting energy regions has been investigated and it has been shown that these regions are strongly related with mechanics of cutting process in terms of: shear angle, chip ratio, chip formation, and contact length. It has been shown that energy saving up to 52% in machining of Al 6061 alloy can be achieved by selecting appropriate cutting parameters from the developed energy maps. The undeformed chip thickness was observed to be the most influential machining parameter affecting specific cutting energy consumption. The developed energy maps also revealed the presence of an avoidance zone associated with high cutting speeds and low undeformed chip thickness. Built-up edge was observed to be responsible for formation of avoidance zone.