This study examines the various aspects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan. This research study is based upon three important empirical areas like major determinants of total FDI in Pakistan, major determinants of foreign direct investment in Services Sector of Pakistan, and Major determinants of FDI in Commodity-Producing sector of Pakistan. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test was applied to check the stationarity of data and then for estimation, Co-integration and Error Correction Model (ECM) has been used through well-known software, Micro fit (version 4.0). First section of the study examines the overall impact of FDI inflows into the economy of Pakistan, by using annual time series data for the period of 1971-2008. Results indicate that Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), Degree of Trade Openness (TO) and Inflation rate (INF) are statistically significant with positive signs, whereas Current Account Balance (CAB) is also found statically significant with negative sign. Study also reveals that Debt servicing and Gross Domestic Product found statistically insignificant and it seems that these variables have no significant impact on FDI inflows into Pakistan. Second section of the study examines the key determinants of FDI inflows in Services sector of Pakistan, using time series data (quarterly) for the period of 1996Q 1 -2008Q 4 . This study reveals that GDFCF, INF and PC are found statistically significant with positive signs. CAB and ER are also statistically significant with negative signs. Whereas trade openness (TO) is found statistically insignificant but with negative sign. Third section of the study examines the major economic determinants of FDI inflows in commodity-producing sector of Pakistan, by using time series data (quarterly) covering the period of 1996Q 1 -2008Q 4. This study explores that all these variables are found statistically significant with positive signs. It seems that these variables have significant impact on FDI inflows into Pakistan in commodity-producing sector. Finally, this study concludes that FDI and economic development are part and parcel of each other. So, it is inevitable for Pakistan to boost up economic growth in order to attract FDI and also rationalize investment policies to induce foreign investors in Pakistan. As Pakistan must do more sincere efforts to make it an ideal investment location among South Asian countries, so it is a need of the hour to prove that Pakistan is ideal destination for investment not only in Services sector but it is equally important and attractive location for commodity-producing sector. Although, Pakistan has vibrant areas for investment in commodity-producing sector such as, manufacturing, power and energy, oil and gas, construction, chemicals, fertilizers etc. but for the last few years, most of the FDI inflows have been surged in Service-related sectors. To chuck out this label, GOP should do more efforts to create the image of country as “an important location for investment in commodity-producing sector as well”.
مولانا محمد ابوالقاسم سیف بنارسی افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ جماعتِ اہلحدیث کے مشہور و ممتاز عالم اور نامور مناظر مولانا محمد ابوالقاسم صاحب سیف بنارسی نے ۶۱ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، مرحوم کی ساری عمر دین و علومِ دینیہ کی خدمت میں گذری، مدرسہ سعید یہ بنارس میں چالیس سال تک حدیثِ نبوی کا درس دیا، جوان کی سب سے بڑے فضیلت ہے، درس و تدریس کے ساتھ وعظ و تبلیغ اور تالیف و تصنیف کا شغل بھی تھا، لیکن ان کی بیشتر تصانیف مناظرانہ ہیں، آریوں، عیسائیوں اور قادیانیوں سے بڑے معرکہ کے مناظرے کئے، احناف سے بھی اس کی نوبت آجاتی تھی ادھر چند برسوں کے اندران پر فالج کے کئی ہلکے حملے ہوئے جس سے ان کی صحت بگڑ گئی تھی اس کے باوجود ان کے علمی و تعلیمی مشاغل جاری تھے ، کہ گذشتہ ۲۵؍ نومبر کو جمعہ کے دن پھر اچانک حملہ ہوا اور چند گھنٹوں کے اندر قال اللّٰہ وقال الرسول کی یہ آواز ہمیشہ کے لیے خاموش ہوگئی، مرحوم کے انتقال سے ہندوستان کے طبقہ علماء میں ایک ممتاز جگہ خالی ہوگئی، اللّٰھم اغفرہ مغفرۃً واسعۃً۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۴۹ء)
Since Eschatological Sciences are playing a vital role in shaping theologoy and philosophy of the major world religions. The concept of Hell is conceived as a place where human actions are judged and then rewarded accordingly on the Day of Judgment. Aim of the paper is to find out how the terminlolgy of Hell and its concept is evolved in several versions of the English Bibles of the twenthith century. The paper highlighted that due to numerous English translations of the Bible in ninthenth and twentheith century, not only caused amalgamation in supplementary concepts but also caused change in the concept of Hell as well. This resulted confusion in other eschatological dogmas evolved around the subject. Keeping in view its evolved concept over the history the research shows how it affected other related concepts to it.
Present work is aimed at designing, implementing and validating computational procedure for the fluid flow and heat transfer analysis through the annular sector duct. This work will provide the complete heat transfer analysis and will be useful in developing an understanding of controlling parameter characterizing the configuration of annular sector duct. Chapter 1 is devoted to introduction and literature review, whereas, in chapter 2, we have selected a literature problem and discretised that by using two well known techniques finite difference method, (FDM) and finite volume method, (FV M). By comparing the results obtained from both procedures with the literature, we have selected one procedure for further mathematical models of the dissertation. In the chapter 3, we have carried out the study of forced convective Newtonian fluid flow, by considering the two different cases. In the 1st case, we have studied the forced convective flow of Newtonian fluid under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field, applied perpendicular to the direction of flow. In the 2nd case, we have studied the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field on electrically conducting Newtonian fluid flow through annulus sector duct, filled with Darcy Brinkman porous media. As most of the fluids in nature are non-Newtonian, therefore, to make our model more realistic, we have replaced the Newtonian fluid with the power law fluid. In the chapter 4, we have carried out the study of forced convective power law fluid flow, by considering the four different cases. In the 1st case, we have studied the impact of flow behaviour index, n, on the forced convective flow in both pseudo-plastic and dilatant fluids. In the 2nd case, we have carried out the influence of magnetic field on electrically conducting power law fluid. We have studied the impact of n in both fluids for different value of Ha. In both cases, successive over relaxation, (SOR), method is used to solve the system of algebraic equations, obtained by using the FV M. In the 3rd and 4th cases, we have studied the impact of porosity factor, K, on forced convective flow of power law fluid through an annular sector duct, filled with Darcy Brinkman porous media in the absence and presence of uniform transverse magnetic field. In both cases, we have used the strongly implicit procedure, (SIP), to solve the system of algebraic equation, and compared with SOR method on the based of convergence. To achieve further enhancement in the heat transfer rate, addition of nano scale particles to the base fluid is an established research methodology now a days. Therefore, in chapter 5, we have studied the impact the nano scale particles on the forced convective flow of power law fluid by considering two different cases. Two types of nano scale particle (i.e Copper, Cu and Titanium oxide, TiO2) are used. Finally to make the dissertation wholesome, in chapter 6, we have studied the combined effect of viscous dissipation and Joule heating on the forced convective flow of power law fluid in absence and presence of nano scale particles. At the end of dissertation, we give brief of the future work.