زواج المسيار: حقيقته و حكمه

The term “Nikah Misyar” (translated sometimes as “travellers’ marriage” or “marriage of convenience”) is not found in the Qur’an, Sunna or classical works of Islamic jurisprudence. It is a term that has been introduced recently. However, the concept can be found being discussed in the works of classical Muslim jurists (fuqaha). This is a marriage contract between a man and a woman, with the condition that the spouses give up one, two or several of their rights by their own free will. Some people consider that the misyar marriage can meet the needs of young people whose resources are too limited to settle down. However, there have been some (Sunni) scholars and organizations that have opposed the concept of Nikah Misyar altogether. As for the Islamic ruling concerning such marriages, there are two issues to consider: 1) Validity and permissibility; and 2) Appropriateness. Different scholars gave different opnions regarding these two imporatant issues. In this article, Nikah/zawaj Misyar was discussed in detail, describing different point of views and ruling in facvour and against Nikah Misyar.

Speech Segregation from Multi-Stream Auditory Environments

In audio source separation, cocktail party problem is a typical example that segregates a particular signal while filtering out the others from audio mixture. This problem has been investigated for decades. In our daily life, a plethora of sources add their acoustic pattern to the environment. In this scenario, segregating human speech acoustics from the audio mixture is challenging. This challenge becomes harder in case of monaural (single microphone) setup that essentially eliminates the spatiality of the target source. Human listeners possess an incredible capability to segregate a specific sound source from a complex mixture, even single ear is enough for complex auditory scene. This process of separating and target specific sound source is called auditory scene analysis (ASA). Recently, ASA has received profound interest from many audio researchers. However, Emulating the same functionality on computer is imperative and challenging. Number of applications need an effective system in place that has near human-like ability to segregate auditory signals. There are many challenges for existing Computer Auditory Scene Analysis (CASA) systems yet to be handled in case of monaural speech segregation. This research work proposes a systematic in-depth effort in evolving a CASA framework for monaural speech segregation. In the first stage, peripheral analysis is done to model ASA inspired time-frequency representation called cochleagram. In the second stage system extracts ASA cues are extracted such as fundamental frequency (F0), spectral peaks, onsets and offsets. The Cochleagram is further mapped to eight discrete clusters. Theses clusters will become the foundation to produce morphed cochleagram versions that are further processed one by one with rough estimated fundamental frequency (F0) and spectral peaks to iteratively stabilize and improve pitch estimation. The system classifies speech and non-speech interference based on improved pitch estimation, spectral peaks and underlying ASA features ix e.g. harmonicity, onset/offset, and generates an ideal binary mask for target speech segregation. Finally, the target speech source is resynthesized using masked time-frequency units of Cochleagram. Systematic evaluation shows that the proposed system for voiced speech segregation produces better results and it can able to identify majority of time frequency (T-F) units from cochleagram for target speech separation. The proposed system produces significantly better results when compared with existing standardized voiced speech segregation techniques.