The main purpose of this study was to evaluate Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) program of Government Deaf & Defective Hearing Schools (GDDHS) in Punjab. To serve this purpose, I conducted an in depth review of literature. Robert Stake‟s Countenance Model, being more suitable for the evaluation of educational programs was selected. According to this model, the ECSE program was evaluated following antecedents---transactions----outcomes pattern. The population of study included principals, special education teachers, young children with deafness, and their parents from all 34 Government Deaf & Defective Hearing Schools working in 31 districts of the Punjab province. A representative sample of principals, special education teachers, young children with deafness (YCWD), and their parents was taken according to the requirements of the study. Depending on the nature, and keeping the objectives and questions of the study in view, certain questionnaires, structured interviews, and achievement tests were prepared. To evaluate the ECSE program for young children with deafness at the antecedents phase, two instruments including: demographic information sheet about young children with deafness, and a structured interview schedule for principals were developed. Curriculum being taught to young children with deafness in GDDHS was also reviewed. At the transaction phase, three instruments including two questionnaires on instructional practices of special education teachers, and their opinions about parental involvement in the education of their young children with deafness, and one structured interview schedule for parents to know their satisfaction on and involvement in the provision of early childhood special education to their young children with deafness were developed. At the outcome phase, eight achievement tests on writing (Urdu & English), mathematics, reading recognition (Urdu & English), speech reading (Urdu & English), and speech were prepared. I collected all data personally. Analysis and interpretation of the collected data were performed in chapter IV applying descriptive and statistical techniques including frequency distribution of responses, t-test, and ANOVA. Qualitative data including review of ECSE curriculum, and interviews were analyzed using narrative technique, and transcribing, coding, and deriving themes which were, subsequently, analyzed on SPSS. The major findings revealed that ECSE program was not fulfilling its objectives of mobilizing parents, professionals, community, and other stakeholders for early detection and intervention of young children with deafness, providing ECSE to all children with deafness from 3-8 years old, teaching Urdu, English, and mathematics to make them functionally literate, preparing them for inclusive education through developing their speech, speech reading, language, communication, and auditory skills. Curriculum for ECSE was not up to the standard. No significant difference was found among instructional practices adopted by special education teachers. Their opinions about parental involvement in the education of their young children with deafness did not show significant difference except on the basis of their academic qualifications. Interviews with parents reflected their less satisfaction on and less involvement in the provision of ECSE to their young children with deafness. The results of achievement tests showed a significant difference in the performance of children with deafness in a deaf school located in Zone IV as compared to other three zones. The reasons included the excessive number of young children with deafness in classes, their late admissions, most of the children having congenital deafness and profound degree of hearing loss, unavailability of hearing aids, lack of additional coaching at home, most of the parents with poor socioeconomic status, and having more than one child with deafness, no plan of action for mobilization of parents, community, and other stake holders, lack of teacher training courses on ECSE, absence of the component of parental training, unavailability of text and work books, lapses in the implementation of inclusive education project, lack of teaching staff in schools, and deficiencies in the ECSE curriculum. All these were proving obstacles in achieving the objectives of ECSE program. On the basis of major findings it was recommended that to maintain quality, restricted number of young children with deafness should be kept in one class. Early detection and intervention, and admissions of children in schools at an early age should be ensured through media campaigns, pamphlets, banners, and visits to remote areas. The parents should be involved in the educational planning and decision making related to the placement of their children in future. Inter family marriages should be avoided. Hearing aids should be provided to all young children with deafness, and their regular use and maintenance should be ensured through developing a monitoring system. Training programs for teachers and parents should be arranged on regular basis. The serious issues of unavailability of text and work books, unimplementation of inclusive education plans, and development of curriculum of K.G.I and K.G.II should be resolved on emergent basis. The instructional practices adopted by the special education teachers should be improved and monitored.
شہدائے کربلا نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو! آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’شہدائے کربلا‘‘ اِک لمحہ شہادت کا سو سال سے بہتر ہے یہ دولتِ ایمانی ہر مال سے بہتر ہے صدرِذی وقار! قرآن پاک میں اللہ تعالیٰ کا ارشادِ گرامی قدر ہے کہ جو اللہ تعالیٰ کے راستے میں مارا جائے اسے مردہ مت کہو بلکہ وہ زندہ ہے اور اس کی زندگی کا تمہیں شعور نہیں ہے۔ تلوار سے، نیزے سے، یا تیز دھار آلے سے اگر کوئی اللہ تعالیٰ کے راستے میں جہاد کرتا ہوا مارا جائے تو وہ مردہ نہیں ہوتا بلکہ اللہ تعالیٰ کا ایک اور مقام پر ارشاد ہے کہ اسے مردہ گمان بھی نہ کرو۔ صدرِمحترم! جسم بے جان ہے، بے حس و حرکت ہے، سرتن سے جدا ہو چکا ہے، جسم کے ہر عضو سے روح باہرنکل چکی ہے،جسم سے خون بہہ رہا ہے، آنکھیں بے نور ہوچکی ہیں، کانوں سے قوت سماعت چھن چکی ہے، زبان سے قوت گویائی مفقود ہو چکی ہے، جنازہ پڑھایا جا چکا ہے، تد فین ہو چکی ہے لیکن کلمہ گو مسلمان اسے زندہ کہنے کا پابند ہے۔ بلکہ منع کر دیا گیا ہے کہ اسے مردہ گمان بھی نہ کرو، اس نے زندگی کا مقصد حاصل کرلیا ہے۔ اس لیے وہ زندہ ہے اور جو مقصد زندگی کے حصول میں نا کام ہے وہ چلتا پھرتاہے لیکن پھر بھی مردہ ہے۔ معزز سامعین! شہدائے کربلا نے اپنے دین کی خاطر، اپنے ایمان کی خاطر، اپنی آن کی خاطر ، اسلام کے ابدی اصولوں پر کسی قسم کی سودے بازی کو اپنے پاؤں کی ٹھوکر سے ٹھکرادیا، اپنے نانا کے دین کو سر...
Background and Aims: Muscle strength is the key area to measure the functional status of an individual. Different tools and techniques has been used to detect strength differences and deficits. Hand- held dynamometer is one of the most affordable and handy tools used for this purpose. This study was designed to determine intra-rater reliability of hand- held dynamometer to measure muscle strength in different muscle groups of lower extremity of young athletes. It will further explore the reliability of hand- held dynamometer.
Methodology: In this cross- sectional study young players of squash and badminton in the age group of 18-26 years were selected. The participants were recruited by non- probability convenience sampling technique. The strength of major muscle groups of lower limb was measured by a single male tester twice with gap through isometric make test of dynamometer. The intra-class correlation coefficient was then calculated for two readings of each muscle group by using SPSS version 21.
Results: The intra- class correlation coefficient showed good to excellent reliability. The hip abductors, hip adductors, hip extensors of left side, knee flexors and knee extensors showed excellent reliability. Whereas, hip flexors, ankle plantar- flexors and dorsi-flexors of both sides showed excellent reliability at 95 % confidence interval.
Conclusion: The isometric make test of dynamometer is a reliable tool for the objectification of strength of lower limb in young players participating in squash and badminton.
The present work was aimed to appraise the biological activities and toxic potential of medicinal plant extracts of Ricinus communis, Datura innoxia and Croton tiglium. Different parts of selected plants were extracted separately through different extraction techniques using methanol which were further fractionated using polarity base solvents. The methanolic extracts as well as fractions were assayed for antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic (hemolytic, brine shrimp) and mutagenic (Ames) studies. The identified compounds from different plant parts were analyzed through advanced techniques such as GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR. The proximate composition of whole plant was also studied and variations in parameter were recorded among selected plants. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals screening, were also performed that these medicinal plants were rich source of different phytoconstituent. The biological assays showed that selected medicinal plants exhibited considerable antioxidant potential and selected plants extracts were also showing promising antimicrobial potential. It was also depicted from current study that the plant extracts also have potential of DNA protective conducted on the pBR322 DNA induced by UV and H2O2. The plant extracts found to be cytotoxic as evident from hemolytic, brine shrimp lethality and mutagenic activity by Ames test at variable levels. From in vivo study it was proved that Datura innoxia and Croton tiglium showed significant toxicity and developed micronucleus and also proved cellular damage against vital organs like liver and kidney. Amino acids of selected plant seeds were also profiled in which isoleucine and tryptophan remains undetectable among essential amino acids. Chemical compounds of selected plants oils were identified by GC-MS which showed significant antimicrobial activity against the selected microbial species. In LC-MS of methanolic extracts analysis wide ranges of phenolic compounds were documented. Moreover, compounds were also purified from methanolic extracts through column chromatography and characterized by advanced spectroscopic techniques like 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and ESI-MS, following compounds like apigenin, ursolic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were first time reported from these plants. The current research study explored the selected medicinal plants in a very comprehensive fashion and presented their different biological aspects. In future these results may be used as foundation for large scale extraction and isolation of different bioactive compounds and their applications. Furthermore, detailed trials are recommended including animal model and cell lines.