2۔ قتل شبہ عمد
امام ابو حنیفہ ؒ کے نزدیک قتل شبہ عمد سے مراد
"قصد اور ارادہ کے ساتھ ایسی چیز سے مارے جو ہتھیار نہیں ہے اور نہ ہی وہ چیز قائم مقام ہتھیار کے ہے۔ "193
امام ابو یوسف ؒ اور امام محمد ؒ کے نزدیک قتل شبہ
"قصد اور ارادہ کے ساتھ ایسی چیز سے مارا جائے جس سے عام طور پر انسان کی موت واقع نہیں ہوتی ۔ اس مذکورہ صورت کو قتل شبہ عمد کہنے کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ ایسا آلہ استعمال کرنے کی وجہ سے جس سے عام حالات میں انسان ہلاک نہیں ہوتا ، قصداً اور بلارادہ قتل کرنے کے معنی ادھورے اور ناتمام رہ جاتے ہیں کیونکہ ایسے آلہ کے ذریعے مارنے سے قتل کرنے کے علاوہ دوسرا مقصد بھی ہو سکتا ہے، مثلاً تادیب، ڈرانا ، خوف زدہ کرنا ۔ لہذا اگر ایسے آلہ سے مارنے سے موت واقع ہو گئی تو وہ قتل شبہ عمد کہلائے گا۔ "194
قتل شبہ عمد کے احکام
1۔ قاتل گناہ گار ٹھہرے گا۔
2۔ قاتل پر کفارہ واجب ہوتا ہے اس لیے کہ اس قتل کو قتل خطا ء کے ساتھ مشابہت ہے ۔
3۔ تیسرا حکم قاتل کی مدد گار برادری پر دیت مغلظہ واجب ہو گی۔
عبداللہ بن عمرو سے روایت ہے رسول اللہ ﷺنے دیت مغلظہ کے بارے میں ارشاد فرمایا
" قَتِيلُ السَّوْطِ وَالْعَصَا، مِائَةٌ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ، أَرْبَعُونَ مِنْهَا خَلِفَةً، فِي بُطُونِهَا أَوْلَادُهَا ۔ "195
" شبہ عمد یعنی خطا کا مقتول وہ ہے جو کوڑے یا لکڑی (چھڑی ، معمولی لکڑی) سے مارا جائے، اس میں سو 100 اونٹ ہیں دیت کے طور پر ، ان سو اونٹوں میں چالیس 40 ایسی اونٹنیاں ہیں جو حاملہ ہوں ۔ "
دیت مغلظہ یا تغلیظ دیت
چوتھا حکم قاتل ، مقتول...
Background of the Study: LBP is a common condition that can be specific or non-specific. Non-specific LBP, which has no known cause, is responsible for 90% of cases and causes pain in the back from the 12th rib to the inferior gluteal folds.
Methodology: The study utilized a cross-sectional design in which both males and females completed the Oswestry low back questionnaire. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: 85 patients participated in the study with a mean age of 38±9.603. Pain levels varied among patients, with 23 reporting no pain, 29 with light pain, 23 with moderate pain, and 10 with pretty severe pain. Patients had varying degrees of self-care ability with 13 able to care for themselves without triggering pain and 4 requiring daily assistance. Most patients (75 out of 85) had minor disabilities, while 10 had moderate disabilities. The relationship between the ODI score and the question was found to be similar.
Conclusion: The data suggest that individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain have only a limited impairment, and only a few suffer from moderate sickness that affects their social lives. Non-specific persistent low back pain is not connected with gender differences in functional impairment.
Background: Nearly one-third of the global population, i.e. two billion people, is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is at risk of developing the disease. More than eight million people develop active tuberculosis (TB) every year, with about two million dying from the disease annually. Diagnosis of tuberculosis inKenya remains dependent on smear microscopy. New methods of TB diagnosis are needed which have better accuracy and are still cost effective. Molecular methods of TB diagnosis have come under investigation in a lot of studies recently. However, they have their own limitations including the inability to differentiate between active organisms and dead bacilli in specimens.
Aim: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the Genotype® MTBDRplus assay in the detection of resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin in mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates.
Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and comparative study in which the performance of a new laboratory assay will be compared to the existing (reference) method. All sputum specimens submitted for TB culture and sensitivity to the Aga Khan University Hospital Laboratory microbiology section during the period from August 2008 – April 2009 were included in the study. All sputum specimens submitted underwent smear microscopy, culture and sensitivity testing by the MGIT 960 system and DNA extraction and Genotype MTBDRplus assay for both the direct specimen as well the positive culture tube.
Results: 202 sputum specimens were included in the study. Valid phenotypic DST results were obtained for 135 cultures (68%). The number of strains resistant toRIF and INH was 4.5%, 14% respectively. Valid GenoType® MTBDRplus assay results were obtained for 116 DNA extracts (86%).
Sensitivity and specificity of the test for the detection of Isoniazid resistance were 0.68 (95% CI: 0.43 - 0.87) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.95 - 0.99) respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the test for the detection Rifampicin resistance was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.40 - 0.97) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96 - 1.00) respectively.
Comparative analysis demonstrated scientifically acceptable overall agreement between molecular (sputum specimens) and phenotypic DST results as shown below (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.59 - 0.93) for Isoniazid resistance and Cohen’s Kappa = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.60 - 1.02) for Rifampicin resistance
Conclusions: The Genotype MTBDRplus assay demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for use in laboratory diagnosis of Tuberculosis and the detection of drug resistance.