غیر مسلموں کی تقریبات میں شرکت کی حدود وقیود: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

This article aims to highlight an important aspect of Islamic Law, which relates to social life of a Muslim. Islamic law promotes social harmony and tolerance, but it makes it balance in the light of basic principles and objectives of Shar'īah. Likewise, Islamic law determines social relation between Muslims with each other as well as the relation of Muslims with Non-Muslim citizens in the Islamic state. Furthermore, it is very significant to know that a Muslim can participate in the traditional and religious functions of Non-Muslim or not? Islamic law has made some parameters in this regard, in this research paper we have focused on this specific issue of Islamic law and tried to explain the legal status of this issue in the light of Quran, Prophetic traditions, and opinions of Muslim Scholars. The research method applied in this paper is descriptive and critical study of different school of thoughts is also provided. Muslims have a long history of mutual contacts with the non-Muslims guided by the Shar’īah principles as they have come together in every age in different political and geographical contexts. In the early days of Islam, Muslims were in the minority. At that time, Muslims participated in the social life of their non-Muslims neighbors. Islam respects other religions. Provides all kinds of facilities to non-Muslims. And allows Muslims to participate in their legitimate programs.۔

Enhancing Bioavailable Phosphorous in Soil Through Sulfur Oxidation by Thiobacillus

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer use efficiency is only 15 % in calcareous alkaline soils as in Pakistan. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) especially Thiobacillus spp. solubilize the unavailable P in soil by synthesizing sulfuric acid. This study was performed in three steps: (i) screening of SOB from different microbial ecologies, (ii) use of different SOB with S levels for enhancing bio-available P, and (iii) effect of SOB along with P fertilizer and S on plant growth and yield. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria were isolated, screened, identified and the most efficient SOB were found as the genus Thiobacillus in sulfur based ecologies such as industrial wastewater, sewerage water and sulfur mud. These SOB isolates were IW1, SW2, SS1, IW13, IW14, IW16 and SM1 which reduced the pH of different media (thiosulphate, tricalcium phosphate and rock phosphate) in 07 to 40 days after inoculation. Four Thiobacillus isolates viz., IW16, SW2, IW1 and IW14 were inoculated in soil with three S levels 50, 37.5 and 25 mg kg-1. Thiobacillus spp. IW16 and SW2 reduced soil pH with 50 mg S kg-1 from 7.90 to 7.12 and 7.28 respectively. Similarly, Thiobacillus strain IW16 in combination with 50 mg S kg-1 reduced CaCO3 contents from 7.14 to 6.93 % and solubilized Ca8-P and Ca10- P. Increase in the concentration of sparingly soluble Ca2-P (20.33 mg kg-1) and xvii bioavailable P contents (net increase of 22.26 mg kg-1) were also recorded as a result of P solubilization phenomenon. Lastly field experiments were conducted on two permanent lay outs (plot size 3 m × 3 m) at two different places growing for rice-wheat and maize-maize crops. The best Thiobacillus isolates (IW16 and SW2) along with 100 kg S ha-1 were inoculated in combination with two doses of P fertilizer viz., 45 and 90 kg P2O5 ha . Significant increase in the concentration of bio-available P in soil was recorded through bacterial S oxidation in both experiments. Growth and yield parameters of the tested crops (rice, wheat and maize) exhibited positive significant correlation with P solubilization through S oxidation by Thiobacilli with the highest values by strain IW16 along with 100 kg S ha-1. Interaction between Thiobacillus spp. and S was highly significant in enhancing the growth and yield of crops. Treatment of soil with Thiobacilli and S was the best practice for enhancing bioavailability of P already present as fixed P in huge quantity.