Essay writing is one of the basic and most prized competencies in our post-industrial and global world. One of the serious indictments of the traditional teaching approaches to essay writing is their essential inadequacies and incompatibilities with the present-day pedagogical trends. Writing essays in SL is, indeed, one of the most difficult and most significant tasks we engage our students in as human beings. Writing essays can assist us to find out what we think, and consequently, to know who we are. Not only does it help us to interact with others, but also to participate in our discourse community. Moreover, essay writing also requires from a writer to communicate persuasively in a disciplined way. In short, essays entail creativity of ideas and thoughts which reveal the critical perspective of the writer, and a form which is intelligible, logical and free from errors of lexis, syntax, discourse, spelling and punctuation. The following research study was, in fact, conducted to find out how SL teachers teach essay writing to learners to develop communicative/discourse competence in them to enable them to perform in real-life situations. Further, the study was carried out to realize the assessment practices of the teachers in two of the universities of Pakistan. It was, primarily, a mixed method research, utilizing quantitative and qualitative paradigms of research. For this purpose, the researcher made use of the Common European Framework of Reference 2001 (a worldwide renowned document for teaching and testing of English language) for language teaching and testing as a theoretical framework and designed questionnaires, an interview guide and an observation sheet for data collection. These instruments were pilot tested, and their validity and reliability were established thereby. Later, the questionnaires were administered to learners and teachers. Moreover, the researcher conducted interviews of the teachers and made the classroom observations as well. These three different research tools were used to triangulate, compare, contrast, and validate the data. The quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS (version 21), and the qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The research findings demonstrate that there exist gaps in the teaching and testing practices. Finally, it has been, therefore, recommended that a student-centered, content-based and task-oriented communicative classrooms ought to be created in such a way that the learners’ linguistic needs and content goals along with communicative/discourse competence in essay writing could develop to deal with the real-life challenges.
موسم موسم بنیادی طور پر خود نظر نہیں آتا لیکن یہ اپنی نشانیوں کی وجہ سے محسوس و معلوم ہوتا ہے۔ یہ وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ چلتے ہوئے، گردشِ ایام کی حدود و قیود کو خیالات اور اعمال احساسات کی نظریاتی تشکیل و ترکیب کا سبب بناتا رہتا ہے۔ یہ اسراری امکانات کے منکر ین سے چند سوالات رکھتا ہے ۔ پھر ثابت حیثیت کے زمان و مکان کی تشریح میں مہاجر پرندوں کی مثالیں سمو کر، اعتراضات کو جذبات میں تقسیم کر دیتا ہے۔ زمانی نظریات کو طبیعی فکر کے متوازی رکھتا ہے۔ کھلتے پھولوں میں سوچ جھنجھوڑ کر جگاتا ہے ۔ پھر عقل کل کے معانی کو فکر کل کے دائروں سے ملاتے ہوئے ، مرکز شعور تک لا کر ، پہلی پہچان سے اُبھرنے والی سرگوشیوں کو خواب زدہ بڑبڑاہٹ یا رویا کی حالت سے روشناس کرا دیتا ہے ۔ یہاں ذہنی کیفیت بدلتی رہتی ہیں ۔کچھ لوگ اسے ہزیان۔۔۔تو کچھ لوگ اسے ذہنی روشنی کے معیار میں ڈوبی زمانی خصوصیت قرار دے کر ، ظاہری مماثلت اور باطنی تغیرات کے حقیقی یقین کا ثبوت سمجھتے ہیں جو طرزِ بیان میں ، تعلقات شعور کے نظام احساسات میں شمسی جنوں، قمری فسوں کے آئینہ دار ہوتے ہیں۔ تعمیری عقیدتوں میں جن ستاروں کی نشان دہی ہوتی ہے وہ فطری ادراک کی تعریف میں درد کے صحیفوں کا ذکر کرتے ہوئے ، اُن پودوں سے بھی ملاقات کرواتے ہیں جن کی ایک ہی شاخ پر پھول اور زرد سبز پتے ہوتے ہیں، جبکہ پھولوں کا رنگ پتوں سے مختلف ہوتا ہے ۔ حالانکہ خوراک روشنی ،ہوا اور پانی دونوں کو ایک ہی زمین اور ماحول میں دستیاب ہوتی ہے۔ اُسی پودے کی جڑوں میں گھاس پھونس اور جڑی بوٹیاں بھی موجود ہوتی ہیں ۔ وہ بھی اُسی ماحول اور زمین سے اپنی ضروریات پوری کر...
Indeed, nobody can deny the role and importance of women in any peaceful society. Their contribution is not only essential to enhance the living standard but also they are life blood of prosperity and beauty of this universe. In each & every field of life their need is felt but regrettably, it is not realized by all that how much women have experienced discrimination and deprivation of their rights and freedom. Many of restrictions and limitations faced by them are due to culture and tradition. Although women play an important role in the development and success of men, but do not get any reward for their allegiance, loyalty and devotion. Islam acknowledged equality of women with men in a great way. In Islam women get a praiseworthy and admirable position which no religion ever gave them. Islam defined their duties and ordered to treat them equally but in spite of all that the woman of today’s Muslim world in general and Pakhtun society in particular is not entertaining their rights and status. This study specifically focusses on highlighting one of the Pakhtun customs and its aspects that badly violate the religious teachings regarding the Women marriage Status and there will also be some recommendations in order to eradicate these unlawful trends from society as to empower the women in real sense.
Onion is the major vegetable crop not only in Pakistan but also in other countries of the world. The onion bulb yield lies in the lower level than to other more developed areas of the world. Many reasons rose for this less yield. But the most important among all of them is the attack of pest insects and among insects the onion thrips is the notorious one .In the present study the efficacy of the insecticides i-e Dimethoate, Confidor, Lasenta, Proaxis and Spinosad was determined against thrips to in farmer?s field for two adjacent years. The data was collected before and then after the 24h, 72h, and 7 days of the use of insecticides. The analysis of this data revealed that all of the insecticides reduced thrips population. However, maximum reductions (3-1%) per plant in thrips population and increase in onion bulb yield (33.06t/ha) was attained with Dimethoate 40 EC. Whereas lowest onion thrips population and onion bulb yield (23.7 t/ha) was obtained from control plot where no insecticide was used against thrips. Therefore, the insecticide Dimethoate 40EC can be recommended for the control of onion thrips on onion crop.