Home > Antecedents and Consequences of Employees Engagement Model: An Empirical Study of Teaching and Faculty of Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan
Antecedents and Consequences of Employees Engagement Model: An Empirical Study of Teaching and Faculty of Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan
This study aims to find out antecedents and consequences of Employees Engagement. The notion engagement has not been empirically tested at academic level. Therefore, the concept requires theoretical elaboration and empirical testing in different work settings. Despite many years of academic enquiry to determine factors influencing Employees Engagement, yet the gap exists in academic literature. However, fewer evidences have been found in theory and practice to test the intensity and mechanism of Employees Engagement. The concept is still new and needs a practical approach to analyse psychological disposition of individuals influencing Employees Engagement. The study is grounded in Post-positivism paradigm with quantitative approach, a cross-sectional and survey strategy has been used to collect primary data. The population of the study is both public and private sector universities and higher education institutes recognized by Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. The estimated population is 33,000 approximately and, a sample of 1420 is taken on the basis of 5% margin of error to infer the population response. The study data has been collected through a multidimensional questionnaire taken from various studies and modified by using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to fit to the study context. The survey tool consists 154 items under nine constructs of the study model. The study results revealed that employees are personally engaged and have psychological connectivity to work. The study findings also revealed that out of five independent variables Job Characteristics, Job Involvement, and Motivation, are contributing factors to Employees Engagement. However, other two factors Organizational Justice, and Organizational Support remained insignificant to Employees Engagement. Furthermore, Employees Engagement has significant influence upon Discretionary Efforts and has mediating power for all loaded predictors. However, Leadership as mediator remained insignificant between all exogenous and endogenous latent variables. This study advances the existing literature in several ways: (1) Employees Engagement concept is a personal engagement concept; (2) study model provides a framework to analyse and understand association, strength and direction of the factors; (3) the study contributed empirical utility of Employees’ Engagement concept in higher educational institutions ;(4) the study clearly demonstrates the Motivational cloud (factors) to create psychological connectivity of individuals and work; (5) the model differs from previous models as it provides dimensions of engagement grounded by Motivational factors, that proves theoretical linkage of the concept to its roots (6) Importantly, the study has attended to the gaps in the literature to find out the antecedents of Employees’ Engagement in relation to its conceptual roots (7) this study proves that Discretionary Efforts are not only the outcome but also mediator between engagement and performance(8) This study has provided methodological contribution related to using PLS path modelling to assess the psychometric properties of each latent variable by convergent and discriminant validity. This research has practical significance: it contributes to strategic HR policies of higher educational universities specifically to increase Employees Engagement, Discretionary Efforts and Employees’ Performance. The model is applicable to both public universities as no variance has been found in relation to determinants of Employees Engagement.
جدید انسان کی سرمایہ دارانہ اور مادیت پسند فکر نے قدرتی ماحول اور قدرتی وسائل کا بری طرح استحصال کیا ہے اور حیاتِ انسانی وحیوانی کی بقا کو تباہی کے دہانے پر پہنچا دیا ہے۔ حضرت انسان کی غفلت اور لا پرواہی سے قدرتی وسائل و ذرائع کی بقا کا مسئلہ اس وقت پوری دنیا کے لئے سنگین شکل اختیار کرگیا ہے۔یہ بات روز ِروشن کی طرح عیاں ہے کہ جدید انسان نے ماحول اور اس میں پائے جانے والے قدرتی وسائل کے تحفظ کو یکسر نظرانداز کردیا ہے ۔ جس کی بنا پر قدرتی وسائل ہوا، پانی ،معدنیات، حیوانات ،نباتات اور زمین کی طبعی ، کیمیائی اور حیاتیاتی خصوصیات میں ناپسندیدہ اور نامناسب تبدیلیاں پیدا ہو تی جار ہی ہیں، اس طرح ماحولیاتی تبدیلی( Climate Change( ، گلوبل وارمنگ (Global Warming) اور ماحولیاتی آلودگی (Environmental Pollution ) کا مسئلہ پیداہوگیا ہے۔ ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹس کی تنصیب کے بغیر نئے نئے کارخانےقائم ہورہے ہیں۔ ان صنعتی اداروں میں ماحولیاتی سہولیات کی عدم موجودگی کی وجہ سے ماحول میں گرین ہاؤسز گیسزکی مقدار بڑھتی جارہی ہے اور یوں قدرتی ماحول بری طرح متاثر ہورہاہے۔
یہ بات طے شدہ ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی تخلیق کردہ ضروریات حیات یعنی قدرتی وسائل میں سے ہوا،پانی ،نباتات ،حیوانات، صاف ماحول پر انسانی زندگی کا انحصار اتنا زیادہ ہے کہ ان کے بغیر کوئی انسان زندگی گزارنے کا تصور بھی نہیں کر سکتا ۔ جبکہ عالمی سطح پر موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے اثرات ہر گزرتے دن کے ساتھ ساتھ شدید سے شدید تر ہوتے جارہے ہیں ۔ ایک تازہ ترین عالمی تحقیقی رپورٹ بتاتی ہےکہ عالمی موسمیاتی تبدیلی سے 2 دہائیوں میں عالمی معیشت کو 16 ہزار ارب ڈالر کا نقصان پہنچ چکا ہے۔ستم ظریفی کی بات یہ ہے سب سے زیادہ جانی و معاشی نقصان ترقی...
The Message of Allah (Qura'n) is error free from all type of mistakes. Both wordily, literally because Allah has taken the responsibility of the protection of it. Allah has produced a chain of scholars (Mufaŝserïn) for the protection of meaning of the Holy Qura'n. These scholars have explained the meaning of every aspect and angle of the Holy Qura'n in different languages of the world in a dignified manner. By the grace of Allah and due to the hard work and sincere efforts of these scholars the Tafs┘r of Holy Qura'n is present in its original condition. In this matter the efforts of this great Scholar is worth mentioning, especially his Tafs┘r [Al-Badiĕ fĕ M┐rifa Ma┐n┘ Kalām Rabßan┐ Al-sam┘] is short but contain precise and precious points, is the master piece of literature and knowledge. In Pakistan and particular in the Punjab province he is the personality who follow the Hanafi school of thought setting aside the conflicts, with strong arguments served the Qura'n and Had┘th for his life time. Below article is critical appreciation of mention Tafs┘r.
The present study was an attempt to find out the effectiveness of inquiry approach for addressing the misconceptions of students in Mathematics at secondary level. It is a well-known fact that students enter in classroom with a lot of misconceptions in Mathematics, which are based on their beliefs and observations. The main objectives of this research study were to identify the students’ misconceptions in Mathematics at secondary level, to find out the causes of students’ misconceptions in Mathematics at secondary level, to compare the level of misconceptions in boys and girls at secondary level, to apply the conceptual change instructional strategy based on inquiry approach in class room and to find out the effectiveness of inquiry approach as conceptual change instructional strategy for addressing the students’ misconceptions in Mathematics. The nature of the research study was experimental and pre-test, post-test control group design was used. The population of the study was all the secondary school students of District Attock. The two schools were purposively selected for study. 160 science students (80male and 80 female) of 9th Grade from each school were constituted as a random sample of the study. Students of each school were divided into two equivalent groups of male and female students i.e. control and experimental group on the basis of Pre-test achievements. Achievement test was used to explore misconceptions of the students after validation of the instrument. The Mathematics teachers with equal qualification and experience were trained for the said purpose. In each gender group one teacher taught control group and one teacher taught to experimental group. In control group traditional method was used and experimental group was taught by inquiry based approach. To find out the causes of misconceptions questionnaire was used. Post-test was administered after treatment to assess the difference in performance of all groups. After administration of three weeks of post-test, retention-test was also conducted. The data obtained was tabulated as well as analyzed to compute mean, standard deviation, chi-square and t-value. From results of the data, conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made accordingly. The results depict that inquiry based method found to be better than of traditional method. This result is in the line with Abdi (2014) and the level of misconceptions of female students was found higher than of male students. It was recommended that there may be separate and well equipped classroom for Mathematics teaching in the schools like Physics, Chemistry and Biology to develop the interest of students in Mathematics. Sufficient time may be reserved in time table for the subject of Mathematics, as mathematics is time needed subjects.