Organizational politics is a common and pervasive phenomenon of occupational life. This is the reason that various approaches have been used to understand and analyze the nature of organizational politics. Literature shows a main stream of researches conducted to examine the political behavior tendency and political skill capitalization among individuals. However, employees usually feel reluctant to report the political activities and tactics exercised for their personal benefits. Therefore, most of the contemporary researches are more focused on analyzing the perception of politics among employees which gives a clear picture of the prevalence of organizational politics. This study was an attempt to examine the perception of politics and its possible causes and effects. It endeavored to identify the reactions regarding organizational politics based on the Hirchsman’s theory of organizational decline also known as Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect (EVLN) Model of Hirchsman’s (1970). The consequences were taped in terms of the intensity of the reactions such as they might start developing turnover intentions (exit), involve in counterproductive behavior (neglect), blow whistle (voice), or show affective commitment (loyalty) with the organization. All these reactions were triggered from extreme to lenient. Variables which have been repeatedly found key predictors to organizational politics in the literature, were selected as antecedents. In this way, participation in decision making, role stressors and machiavellianism were assumed to have influential effects on perceived politics. Perception of politics was also examined to have any mediating role between selected explanatory (participation in decision making, role conflict, role ambiguity and machiavellianism) and criterion variables (affective commitment, counterproductive behavior and turnover intentions). For data collection, questionnaire survey was carried out based on statistically reliable measures adopted from various sources. Only public sector organizations operating within the vicinity of federal territory of Pakistan were approached. Out of 600 floated questionnaires, 424 usable responses of employees working at various levels in different capacities were received. Results showed significant effects of both role stressors i.e. role conflict and role ambiguity as well as of machiavellianism towards perceived politics. Participation in decision making showed although negative but insignificant effects towards organizational politics. Turnover intentions emerged as the strong and statistically significant outcome of flourishing politics followed by affective commitment which had inverse and highly significant relationship with perception of politics. Counterproductive behavior appeared as the third critical upshot of politicized environment. Last of all the results revealed the role of whistle blowing which also had positive and significant relationship with the perception of politics. Mediating of perception of politics was also confirmed between participation in decision making and affective commitment, participation in decision making and turnover intentions, role conflictII and turnover intentions, role conflict and counterproductive behavior, role ambiguity and counterproductive behavior as well as between machiavellianism and counterproductive behavior. Furthermore, partial mediation was found between machiavellianism and turnover intentions. This study provides valuable contribution due to various reasons. Literature shows a dominant contribution of researches and theories from western cultures which are characterized as more individualistic society in nature as compared to eastern culture. Hofstede (1980 & 1993) emphasized the contextual nature of theories to be generalized in different organizations and institutes therefore, this study was an attempt in this regard to know the causes and consequences of the perception of politics from a developing country which is more a collectivist society as specified by Hofstede’s dimensional scale. This study also incorporated role conflict and whistle blowing as antecedent and consequence of perceived politics which have rarely been used in any setting.
آہ ! ڈاکٹر رفیق زکریا افسوس ہے کہ ۹؍ جولائی کو ڈاکٹر رفیق زکریا نے ممبئی میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔ وہ مشہور عالم، دانشور اور ممتاز مصنف اور اسکالر تھے، ان کا شمار مسلمانوں کے لائق، قابل، صاحب کمال مدبر اور عالی دماغ لوگوں میں ہوتا تھا، وہ بڑے غور و فکر کے بعد بالغ نظری سے حالات و واقعات اور مسائل کا تجزیہ کر کے صحیح رخ اور سمت کا تعین کرتے تھے، ان کے استنباط اور بحث کے نتائج سے اختلاف کرنے والے بھی ان کی بصیرت، دیدہ وری، دقت نظر اور باخبری کا اعتراف کرتے تھے، ان کی وفات کے بعد ان کا خلا شدت سے محسوس کیا جارہا ہے۔ ڈاکٹر رفیق زکریا پر دل کا شدید دورہ پڑا تھا، جس سے سخت بے چینی اور سینے اور کمر میں بڑی تکلیف تھی، ابھی اسپتال لے جانے کی تیاری ہی ہورہی تھی کہ وقت موعود آگیا، ان کا آبائی وطن اورنگ آباد تھا، یہاں وہ اپریل ۱۹۲۶ء میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، یہ تقسیم سے پہلے ریاست حیدرآباد کا حصہ تھا، لسانی جارحیت اور اردو دشمنی نے ریاست حیدرآباد کے تمام اضلاع کو انڈین یونین کی کئی ریاستوں میں اس طرح منقسم کردیا کہ اردو کا کوئی مخصوص علاقہ نہ بننے پائے، چنانچہ اورنگ آباد اب مہاراشٹر میں شامل ہے، مرحوم کو ان کی وصیت کے مطابق یہیں ان کے آبائی قبرستان میں سپرد خاک کیا گیا۔ اورنگ آباد میں تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد ممبئی یونیورسٹی سے ایم اے کیا اور چانسلر گولڈ میڈل حاصل کیا، ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری لندن یونیورسٹی سے حاصل کی اور بارایٹ لالنکنز ان سے کیا، واپس آکر وکالت شروع کی، طالب علمی ہی کے زمانے میں سیاست کی خارزار سے الجھ گئے اور طلبہ کے لیڈر بن کر ابھرے، ۱۹۴۲ء میں ’’ہندوستان چھوڑو‘‘ تحریک...
The purpose of this study was to describe the science process skills of students of PGMI FTIK IAIN Palu on the science laboratory of Asam Basa. This research is a descriptive study conducted at the PGMI Study Program in September to October 2019. The research subjects were students of semester 3 of PGMI in the academic year 2019/2020 who took 28 natural science courses. Data in the form of students' Science Process Skills were obtained from the student performance appraisal in the science practicum on acid-base material. The results showed that students' science process skills varied in each category. For the category of skills using tools and materials, the average percentage for the 2 indicators is 83.05% or very high. For the category of observation skills, the average percentage for the two indicators is 83% or very high. For the grouping / classification skills category, the average percentage for the 2 indicators is 79% or in the high category. Whereas for communication skills where in this category there are 3 indicators with an average indicator of 82.5 or very high. Overall by averaging the percentage of all indicators obtained the percentage for science process skills in science lab, wet acid material is 82%. This shows that the science process skills of PGMI students are very high.
The study aimed at the survey of coverage, Quality, New Trends and Instructional Practices of Open and Virtual
universities in Pakistan. This study also focused upon exploring the actual impact of Open and Virtual
universities in expanding access to higher education in Pakistan and identifying innovations and good practices
in ICT-assisted learning in Open and Virtual universities in Pakistan. Procedure adopted for this study
contained desk review, observation of PVCs, study centers, getting the opinion of students, teachers and
administrators through questionnaires, interview schedule and FGDs.
The study concluded that AIOU had provided wider opportunities of access to higher education in almost all
disciplines of social, natural & management sciences because of its flexibility, tutorial services & regional
network. On contrary Virtual University has progressed at comparatively slower pace because of being only
ICT dependent. However both the universities have potential in expanding access to higher education in
Pakistan at least @ 10-25% per year.
The study further revealed that both the universities have jumped into the innovation and good practices of
online education, video conferencing, e-assessment & e-learning in providing education at bachelor & master
level. Both the universities have tremendous potential of entering into other innovations and good practices in
ICT-assisted learning to compete the contemporary regime of open and virtual learning.