The current research is focused on an important cultural material, exclusively sculptures, excavated from the Buddhist site of Nimogram in Swat. The antiquities discovered from this site in the late sixties, now lying in the Swat Museum, have not been studied in depth. Only a preliminary report was published by the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan in 1968 (Pakistan Archaeology 1968: 116). As such, we decided to study these unique pieces of sculpture, which remained hidden from the scholarly world for about five decades. We have made an effort here to trace the history of the collection, classify it on the basis of style, analyze it for the subject matter, kind of material and workout its chronology by correlating it to the already established sequence of the Swat Valley. The main objective of the current research is to examine and evaluate the study material for its religious, cultural, historical and artistic importance, overlooked so far. Where there was necessary, we have also traced foreign cultural influences on the collection and have carried out its comparative study for the establishment of chronology. The chronology is established on the basis of style, which indicates that the earliest sculptures were produced during the Saka-Parthian period. The artistic activities reached to the climax in the Kushan time. The height of figures of this site, generally, is rather more than those from other Buddhist sites of the valley. The cultural material also shows that the site was intact up to the Kushano-Sasanian period, i.e., circa early fourth century CE. The reliefs from Nimogram throw a floodlight on the cultural life of the ancient people, for example, skilfully depicted costumes from the princely class to the poor, furnished houses, weapons, sport objects, armour, ornaments, elephant and horse saddles, carts and carriages, horses, yokes, tools, agricultural implements, cult objects, musical instruments, etc. People are portrayed at work: playing, worshiping, and engaged in acts of devotion, marriage, donation, and all sorts of activities. As well as the musicians, ascetics and wrestlers depicted there in not only display the cultural diversity of ancient Uddiyana, but, also, suggest a base for the genesis of folk tales of the Swat Valley. To sum up our research, the dissertation is divided in five chapters. The first chapter discusses geography, cultural history and an account of archaeological investigation in the Swat Valley. The second chapter deals with origin and development of the Buddhist Art in the valley. Activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission and major archaeological sites in chronological sequence are also discussed here, in addition to major rock carvings and inscriptions. The third chapter comprises catalogue of the selected sculptures that is prepared with the help of consulting primary and secondary sources. The Buddhist art of the valley was continually enriched by foreign cultural influences at different periods of time. Such elements in the cultural material of Nimogram are traced in depth in chapter four. Chapter five deals with the descriptive and analytical analyses of the selected sculptures, which illustrate almost all major events related to the life of the Buddha. The style of the sculptures shows that all the figures are carved with great care, keeping the socio-cultural environment of the area in view. The artist has tried to display natural mobility of the figures. Architectural members, either carved individually or shown in relief panels, indicate contemporary building tradition of the valley. The figures and decorative elements chiselled on the architectural members of the main and votive stupas as well as those of the monastery are also given due attention in the present study.
اپنی بات حافظ محمد اقبال بن میاں غلام محمد بن میاں نادر علی ماندری بن میاں جندوڈا بن بابا بڈھن قوم آرائیں یہاں تک تو صحیح صحت کے ساتھ ہم نے اپنے بزرگوں سے سنا ہے اور سکونت کے لحاظ سے بھی ہمارا علاقہ یہی ہے ۔ 1890ء کے ریونیو ریکارڈ کے مطابق مشہور دربار عالیہ توگیرہ شریف کے اطراف میں موضع موسیٰ بھوتہ میں ساڑھے نو مربع زر خرید رقبہ تھا جس کو چھوڑ چھاڑ کر بزرگ گائیں لے کر ریاست بیکا نیر چلے گئے ۔ کئی سالوں کے بعد جب واپس آئے تو رقبہ ضبط ہوکر بھوتہ قوم کے کسی فرد کو منتقل ہوگیا تھا ۔ اس وقت یہ قانون تھا کہ تین سال تک جو واجبات ادا نہ کرتا رقبہ بحق گورنمنٹ ضبط ہوجاتا اور قانونی چارہ جوئی کی تاریخ بھی گزر گئی تھی ۔ یوں رقبہ تو گیا مگر ان کی عزت وقار برقرار رہا ۔ آپس میں بھائیوں کا اتفاق تھا اور غریب و مظلوم کی مدد اور اپنے اچھے اخلاقی اصولوں کی وجہ سے وہ لوگوںکے دلوں پرراج کرتے تھے ۔ کسی زمیندار کے ڈیرے پر حاضری نہ دیتے ، آزاد مرضی کے لوگ تھے ۔ جہاں کہیں بھی ان کا تذکرہ ہوتا تو لوگ ان کے خلاف بات کرنے سے گریز کرتے ۔ علاقے میں ان کا ایک نام تھا وہ اس دنیا سے چل بسے اور ان کے اچھے اصول بھی رفتہ رفتہ ختم ہوگئے ۔ راقم الحروف کی پیدائش کا حتمی سال معلوم نہیں البتہ شناختی کارڈ کے مطابق راقم ستمبر ۲۰۲۴ میں محکمہ قانون سے ریٹائرڈ ہونے جارہا ہے۔راقم کی جائے پیدائش چاہ بوٹے والا ہے جو کہ بہاول نگر چک ماتراں سے مغرب کی طرف دو کلو میٹر کے فاصلے پر واقع ہے ۔ راقم نے جونہی ہوش سنبھالی والد صاحب ہیڈ جالوالہ اپنے رقبہ...
In the Islamic Sharia there are two types of texts, as for the first one, there is no need for any interpretations. For instance: Tauhid (unity of Allah), while few interpretations have modiefied with the changing circumstances. The expertises of Islamic jurists highlight the interpretations of the text according to prevailing social and political environment which can create harmony between Islamic Sharia and importunity of nature. Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah are those personalities who evaluated the intellectual efforts of Islamic jurists and describe their diligencial and margenial secondary level differences. They created a road of conformity between their minor level marginal differences which are legitimate. Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah‘s methodologies of uniformity represent the facts that differences in the approaches of jurists, which are considered as segregation in the reality that is benevolence for Muslim Ummah. Their methodologies of uniformity are not only practical but also very useful in the context of global village. In this age ethical, social, and family problems can be solved through the method of uniformity. For the solution of issues like intellectual extremism, prejudice and terrorism, Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah‘s methodologies of uniformity are beaconhouse.
Assessment of genetic diversity and genetic framework/structure in chickpea crop has important effects on plants breeding programs and preservation of inherited resources. New types of markers have improved our ability to quickly and cost effectively uncover potentially useful variations in large chickpea germplasm collections in gene banks. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are recently developed markers, which are very effective in discovering inherited diversity. Little is known about the level of genetic diversity in these accessions to advance elite varieties. Chickpea production is predominant in arid & semiarid regions, such as in Pakistan, faces immense challenges of drought and heat stress. Addressing these challenges has made more difficult outstanding to lack of genetic and phenotypic characterization of available cultivated varieties and breeding materials. Genotyping-by-sequencing offers a rapid and cost-effective means to identify genome-wide nucleotide variation in crop germplasm.In this study, we have compared genetic variations and population structure of a previously uncharacterized collection of chickpea cultivated germplasm. Here, we used 31,995 SNP markers to estimate the genetic diversity and population structure in collection of 952 landraces and elite cultivars from the second centers of diversity and Fertile Crescent (Ethiopia, India, Pakistan & Turkey). For Pakistani accessions, we used 8,113 SNP markers to determine genetic variations and compare population structure within 77 landraces and 5 elite cultivars, currently grown in situ on farms throughout the chickpea growing regions of Pakistan. The compiled landraces span a striking aridity gradient into the Thal desert of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Despite low levels of variations across the collection and limited genetic structure, we found some differentiation among accessions from arid, semi-arid, irrigated, and coastal areas. In a subset of 232 markers, we discovered evidence of differentiation along gradients of elevation and isothermality. Our results highlighted the utility of exploring large germplasm collections for nucleotide variation associated with environmental extremes. And further to use this data to nominate germplasm accessions with potential to improve crop drought tolerance and other environmental traits.To investigate the basis of genetic factors controlling flower color in chickpea, molecular and genetic characterization of colored flower and white flower chickpea accessions were performed. This unique white flowered color RS11 Chickpea accession lacking the anthocyanin in flower tissues. The genetic constitution of this accession is different to other white flower chickpea accessions because when it was crossed to another white flower color accession, they produced colored F1. None of white flower chickpea can synthesize mRNA corresponding to Leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) gene, also called anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) on B and C locus. Molecular analysis of white chickpea revealed the presence of full deletion Intron, spanning both exon with in coding region of LDOX gene. Phenotyping and genotyping of F2 generations from cross between RS 11 (white flower) and 96029 (color flower) revealed segregation for flower color according to the Mendel’s pattern of segregation. Color and white flower phenotype demonstrated its complete linkage with the deletion in LDOX gene inherited as a recessive gene trait. Taken together the findings indicated that mutation in LDOX genes which is present on C locus here in RS 11 is responsible for white flower color in this chickpea accession.