Geographical Information System (GIS) is an emerging field of Environmental Science. Today with the rapid population growth and demand for more developments, the environmental issues are growing and resulting in more diversifying environmental problems especially pollution. This research reveals the importance of the spatial module of information which is a measure of the pollution data. In the present study, data of three years were managed, processed, evaluated and visualized by GIS and raster calculations. The results revealed the possible spatial relationship within environmental parameters and pollution. This thesis describes the broad range of geo-spatial modeling as well as some defies related to it. The objectives of the present study were to identify the spatial gradient pattern and distribution trend of fluoride pollution and its effect on the crops (wheat and maize) in vicinity of brick kilns (source of fluoride pollution) using geo-spatial and geo-statistical techniques. Besides statistical techniques were also employed to observe the distributional pattern using centrographic technique, identified the hotspots, the risk of pollution for nearby areas based on weighting distance interpolation technique and Kriging approach for more accurate estimation. Total 93 kilns were identified in Islamabad and three Tehsils of Rawalpindi, where wheat and maize crops were cultivated in the fields around the kilns. The sample number of plants and soil was 251 and 144 for summer and winter season respectively. More significant leaf injury to maize crop was observed in the summer compared to the wheat crop in winter. This observation was supported by Vegetation Index (VI), calculated by raster calculator. The results of chemical analysis indicated that fluoride concentrations (6.8 ppm, 14.3 ppm, 13.6 ppm, 13.9 ppm) were observed in the wheat plant samples of Jhangi syedan, Chakri, GT road, Mohra and maximum fluoride concentration (29.6 ppm, 29.45 ppm, 29.71 ppm, 29.41 ppm) was observed during the summer in maize plant samples of Bhatta road, Gurha, Dhok Niazu and Dhok Gujran in the year 2017. However, fluoride concentration in samples varied according to the spatial location with climatic condition. A dataset of Islamabad, Tehsil Rawalpindi, and Tehsil Gujarkhan showed significant positive spatial autocorrelation and clustering pattern, while no significant spatial correlation was found in the data set of Kallar syedan, but still significant hotspots were identified. A majority of hotspot for fluoride pollution was identified in the maize fields of Rawalpindi and Gujarkhan, in all study years. Furthermore, semivariogram based Kriging model indicated Islamabad, Northwest Rawalpindi, East Gujarkhan more at risk of fluoride pollution. Inverse distance weighting and Kriging Model also exhibited that effect on plants and soil gets reduced with increasing distance from the kiln. But the extent of the effect was only shown by the Ordinary Kriging Model. Climatic data marked temporal effect of fluoride variation in study areas during the study period. It was observed that high precipitation resulted into negligible fluoride effect and concentration, whereas less and no precipitation resulted into more fluoride effect and concentration. Similarly, positive correlation was found between temperature and fluoride pollution and effect. The effect of pollution was greater along distance at high temperature and effectively reduced by the distance in lesser temperature. It was necessary to screen out the current status of existing kilns and to evaluate the effect on nearby environmental parameters. Accordingly, this research highlighted the effect of fluoride pollution release from the kilns to soil and crops and revealed the spatial distribution pattern and extent of pollution using modeling technique.
حمید صدیقی افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینے زائر حرم حمید صدیقی نے وفات پائی، وہ اس دور کے بہترین نعت گو تھے ان کی نعتیں محض شاعرانہ صناعی نہیں بلکہ سچے جذبات اور دلی کیفیات کی ترجمان ہیں، وہ جیسی پاکیزہ نعتیں کہتے ویسے ہی ترنم سے پڑھتے بھی تھے، ان کی نعتیں صاحب نعتؐ کی بارگاہ میں اتنی مقبول تھیں کہ ان کو دس بارہ مرتبہ آستان نبوی کی حاضری سعادت حاصل ہوئی طبعاً بھی بڑے مہذب اور شریف تھے، ادھر عرصہ سے ان کی صحت خراب رہتی ایک دن معلوم ہوا کہ ریاض نبوی کا زمزمہ سنج باغ رضوان میں پہنچ گیا، اﷲ تعالیٰ مدحِ نبویؐ کے طفیل میں ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۶۵ء)
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was interested in history and history-writing. His areas of interest were Islamic and South Asian history. In this essay, we examine certain relevant facets of this interest and its manifestation. There are a vast number of studies on the life, achievements and goals of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan [1817-1898]. His essays have been collected from his journalism in 18 volumes by Muhammad Ismail Panipati1 and his other writings, lectures and letters have also received editorial attention. A useful tool in this regard is the compilation titled Kitabiyat-i-Sir Syed made by Ziauddin Lahori.2 As this paper focuses on Sir Syed’s historical writings, we may mention here a recent doctoral thesis of Syeda Jabin Zehra on this very topic.3 As a matter of fact, any and all of Sir Syed’s writings be they on education or religion now come under the ambit of history but our narrower focus will be on those writings that deal with history as history alone though they may also admit of other classifications.
This study evaluates what and how personality traits (Big Five) of employees form their psychological contracts with respective employers. Therefore, apart from testing the direct relations between personality traits of employees and their psychological contracts towards employers, the present study investigates the ex planatory mechanisms (epistemic curiosity & rule-following behavior) between the Big Five personality traits and dimensions of psychological contracts, which in cludes transactional, relational, balanced and ideological contracts. In addition, the moderating role of individual level uncertainty avoidance is also examined in the relations between personality traits and explanatory mechanisms i.e. epistemic curiosity and rule-following behavior. Trait activation theory provides overarch ing theoretical framework for this study and norms of reciprocity offer additional support. Time-lagged data in three time-lags were collected from 469 respondents employed in various public and private sector organizations across Pakistan. Results indicate that Openness to Experience positively relates to transactional, balanced and ideological contracts and negative relates to relational contracts. Conscientiousness positively relates to transactional contracts and negatively re lates with relational, balanced and ideological contracts. The other personality dimension Extraversion positively relates to relational contracts and ideological contracts whereas it negatively relates to transactional contracts. Similarly, Agree ableness is found positively related with relational contracts and negatively with transactional and ideological contracts. Finally, Neuroticism negatively relates with all types of psychological contracts. Regarding explanatory paths, epistemic curiosity and rule-following behavior ex plain the relations between specific personality traits and psychological contracts as epistemic curiosity explains the relations between Openness to Experience, Con scientiousness and Extraversion and psychological contract types. While in case of rule-following behavior, majority of the hypotheses stand accepted, except for balanced contracts. In case of moderation, the results show that uncertainty avoid ance weakens relationship between Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness and x Extraversion and epistemic curiosity. The results regarding moderating role of uncertainty avoidance in the relations between Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism and rule-following behavior could only be partially claimed due to the fact that uncertainty avoidance was not found affecting the relation between Con scientiousness and rule-following behavior. Overall directions of buffering effects were somehow mixed as compared to expectations. These results have theoretical as well as practical significance. The study makes theoretical contribution in psychological contracts body of knowledge by adding two new explanatory mechanisms to elucidate the reasons why people with certain personality traits form different types of psychological contracts and what affect individual level uncertainty avoidance has on these relations. The practitioners can also benefit from these finding as they can ensure better expectations management and personality-job fit.