حیل فقہ اسلامی كے تناظر میں

Abstract: Heela (-f*) is an Arabic word used as a term in Islamic Jurisprudence. In English language it can be explained "evasiveness" which can be interrupted in to ways as a person may understand something else than the meaning ofspeaker without labelling the lie. It demands wisdom and minuteness to be usedfor achieving the objectives. It legitimately lawful evasiveness and sinful evasiveness all two dimensions fit. The valid evasiveness fulfill all the legal requirements. It has further three types. Infirst type although evasiveness may be invalid but the achieved purpose must be lawful and valid. For example, a woman, who hasfiledfor divorcedfrom her husband can present before jury the fake witness, in order to achieve her purpose. In second type an evasiveness may be used as mean of profit or hurdlefrom getting a loss. It has the relation ofcause and effect. While in third type it has an element ofambiguity, which may be used to avoid the loss by misleading or giving false statement. Sinful evasiveness is the one which is used to achieve an illegal target. It is further divided into three types. In first type the evasiveness and the required purpose both stand illegal. In second type the evasiveness may be lawful but the targeted objective is unlawful. While in third type the evasiveness and the purpose both may be valid but these are manipulated to achieve an illegal purpose and objective.

A Study of Organizational Structure, Students Achievement and Physical Facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation Partner Schools in Punjab

This study is titled as “A Study of Organizational Structure, Students Achievement and Physical Facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation Partner Schools in Punjab” The objectives of the study were to; 1) explore the organizational structure of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 2) compare the achievement of students at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 3) compare the physical facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 4) examine the effect of organizational structure on students achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 5) assess the effect of school physical facilities on students achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, and 6) forward recommendations for the conduct of further research on the subject. To achieve the above stated objectives of this study, the following research questions were made: 1) What is the difference between organizational structure of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 2) What is the difference between the achievement of students at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 3) What is the difference in the physical facilities of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 4) What is the effect of organizational structure on students‟ achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 5) What is the effect of school physical facilities on students‟ achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? The study was quantitative in nature. The design of the study was descriptive based on the survey of the opinions of the Head Teachers and Principals. A sample of 506 Head Teachers of Public schools and 146 Principals of Punjab Education Foundation (PEF) partner schools was drawn through multi stage random sampling technique. A self developed rating scale and checklist for gauging physical facilities (CLPF) was used as an instrument. The PEC annual results of 8th grade Public and PEF partner schools were taken as their achievement scores. The descriptives as well as inferential statistics i.e. t-test, Chi Square and Regression were computed. The predominant findings show that PEF partner schools perform better than Public schools in maximum measures of organizational structure except a few which have been picked up for this study. The performance of Public schools is better regarding students achievement as compared to PEF partner schools. The results of the study show that Public schools provided better physical facilities as compared to PEF partner schools. It could be concluded that organizational structure and physical facilities of both type of schools have direct bearing on students‟ achievement. The study recommends that 1) Highly qualified people are found at Public Schools and it necessitates the revamping of induction process to attract people in PEF partner schools alike Public schools. 2) Schooling process of PEF partner schools is better than Public schools; the same may be followed by the Public schools and PEF partner schools to go by the follow up mechanism of Public schools for the better decision making, standards for space provision, development of school congenial climate and developing job satisfaction among the staff. 3) Academics seems better at Public schools and the PEF partner schools are recommended to follow make endeavours to lesser the gap in case of urban and rural schools of Punjab Education Foundation. 4) Both types of schools are found lacking in the physical facilities like laboratory (for practicals of science subject), lifts (for disabled students), mosque (for saying prayer), transport and air conditioning (for hot season); the same put these schools under obligations to provide the earlier said facilities.