Behavioral problems in children are likely to have detrimental effects on child’s social, personal and academic functioning (Walsh, Murrell, Scherbarth, & Kubiak, 2009). Reliable and valid identification of behavioral problems in children should incorporate parent and teacher report regarding child’s behaviors. The present study was carried out to develop an indigenous dual informant rating scale (parent report scale and teacher report scale) for measuring behavioral problems of primary school children, with the aim to identify correlates and predictors of behavioral problems in primary school children. These objectives were achieved in a series of three independent studies. In study 1, parents, teachers, school psychologists and child psychiatrists were contacted to generate list of problem behaviors of the children aged 5 to 11 years. Standardized behavioral problems scales developed in the West and clinical case studies were also reviewed to generate an independent pool of 90 items each for parent report scale and for teacher report scale. The factorial validity based on a sample of parents of 443 primary school children was obtained. Similarly, factorial validity of the teacher report scale based on a sample of 446 teachers of primary school children was obtained. Both the scales showed high Cronbach’s alpha. In study 2, construct validity for both the scales was determined by calculating construct and concurrent validities. Both the scales showed good construct and concurrent validities. In study 3, correlates and predictors of behavioral problems in primary school children were assessed on a sample of 240 children. Correlates of behavioral problems of these children were determined with demographic information form and social information processing scale, “Home Interview with the Child” (Dodge, 1986). Behavioral problems were assessed by the scales developed by the researcher. The results showed that gender, age of the child, maternal age, parental education, socioeconomic status and academic performance of the child were significant correlates of behavioral problems. Multiple regression analysis revealed aggressive response generation in XIX social information processing, parents’ education and gender of the child as predictors of behavioral problems on both parent report scale and teacher report scale. Results of this study are in line with existing literature on children’s behavioral problems. The implications of the results of current research on behavioral problems of primary school children in Pakistan are discussed.
ایم۔ حبیب خاں یہ سطریں زیر تحریر تھیں کہ معلوم ہوا کہ جناب ایم حبیب خاں بھی رحلت فرماگئے وہ انجمن ترقی اردو ہند کے اسسٹنٹ سیکریٹری اور جناب خلیق انجم جنرل سیکریٹری کے دست راست تھے، نیک طبع اور شریف انسان تھے، جب بھی ملاقات ہوتی تو اپنے خلوص و محبت کا نقش دل پر بٹھا دیتے، دارالمصنفین سے بھی لگاؤ رکھتے، گزشتہ برس لکھنؤ میں ملاقات ہوئی تو دیر تک اس کے مسائل پر تبادلہ خیال کرتے رہے، مدت دراز سے انجمن سے وابستہ تھے، ادب و تنقید ان کا خاص موضوع تھا، اس پر ان کی کئی کتابیں چھپ چکی ہیں، ۶۴؍ ۶۵ برس عمر رہی ہوگی اور صحت اچھی تھی مگر دو ماہ قبل جگر کے کینسر کا عارضہ ہوا اور چل بسے اﷲ تعالیٰ اپنی رحمت کاملہ سے نوازے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۱۹۹۸ء)
The relationship between English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture) and our culture as Muslim Pakistanis has developed over a period of time since the British colonization. The history of this cultural interaction may be divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The strategy adopted in this paper is based upon the argument that this relationship may be traced through some of the most representative figures of our culture, such as, Shibli, Iqbal, Faiz etc. In each phase of this interaction. The present essay on Shibli deals with the first phase of our cultural interaction with English. It adopts what may be termed as an analogical approach to the issue as it intends to engage with what I think to be rather unwarranted psychoanalytic forays of some of our critics into the psycho-dynamics of such culturally representative figures like Shibli in their relationship with English. The paper exploits the analogy first used by Sheikh Muhammad Ikram, and later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a step-mother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of our cultural interaction with the language. Shibli’s terms of engagement with his step-mother, and analogically with English, is the subject of this essay.
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a toxic organophosphorus pesticide. Owing to its large scale field application, its residual contents have been reported in different fruits, vegetables, crop plants, soils and waters. Due to its persistency it can enter in food chain and prove harmful for humans and animals. Therefore it has become imperative to restrict its entry in agricultural products for food safety. Therefore, two laboratory and one greenhouse pot experiment were conducted to test the effect of biochar and compost amendments on the sorption, persistence and bioavailability of CP using five different CP concentrations (5, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1) and two levels 0.25 and 0.50 % of compost and biochar. The sorption of CP on amended and unamended soil was tested using batch equilibrium method. Freundlich model fitted well and explained the sorption behavior of CP. Both compost and biochar significantly increased the sorption of CP and the maximum sorption capacities achieved at 0.50 % levels. However, biochar at both levels showed high sorption capacities for CP compared to compost. The degradation kinetics of CP at two initial concentrations (100 and 200 mg kg-1) was tested in controlled conditions in a laboratory incubation trial in unamended (sterilized and nonsterilized) and amended (sterilized and non-sterilized) soil with biochar and compost (at 0.25% and 0.50% of each). The degradation data of CP in amended and unamended soil was subjected to first order kinetic model. CP at 200 mg kg-1 showed less degradation rate compared to 100 mg kg-1. The CP half-lives of 30 and 60 days were recorded at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 respectively in non-sterilized soil which were increased to 94 and 125 days in sterilized soil. Incorporation of compost and biochar in CP contaminated soil affected differently to the CP degradation and higher degradation of CP was recorded in compost amended treatments than unamended as well as biochar amended treatments CP significantly reduced the soil dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase activities at the initial stage of incubation. Both amendments significantly alleviated the negative effect of CP on all studied enzymes activities and compost showed even higher enzyme activities compared to control even in the presence of CP. xv A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of biochar and compost amendments (at 0.25% and 0.50% of each) on the uptake of CP (at 100 and 200 mg kg-1) to maize plants. The CP was toxic at both loadings and significantly reduced the shoot and root fresh biomass as well as all tested physiological parameters. Maize plants showed increased residual concentration of CP in both shoots and roots with increasing level of CP. Maize plants induced variations in antioxidant enzymes activities in response to CP stress. Application of both biochar and compost amendments alleviated the adverse effects of CP in all studied parameters as manifested by the improvement in maize fresh biomass and physiological parameters, recovered antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased residual CP concentration in both roots and shoots of maize. However, biochar at 0.50% level was more effective in reducing uptake of CP by maize plants compared to compost.