Heavy metals contamination of agriculture soil is an important ecological problem. Rapid growth of industrial sector and lack of proper disposal system of industrial wastes heavily loaded our soil with toxic metals possessing serious threat to all form of life. Present study was carried out to explore the bioremediation potential of two heavy metals resistant bacterial strains (Bacillus aerius and Bacillus cereus) isolated from heavy metals polluted soils of Hayatabad industrial estate, Peshawar (HIEP) and Gadoon industrial estate, Swabi (GIES) of Khyber-Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan, by assessing the biochemical and molecular processes occurs in spinach crop grown in that soil. Elemental study of the soils indicated that concentration of heavy metals in target areas were significantly higher than control i.e. (Pb= 98.33 in Gadoon and 65.08 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 0.4 mg/kg in control soil), (Cr=102.66 in Gadoon and 30.56 in Hayatabad > 2.78 mg/kg in control soil), (Cu=25.66 in Gadoon and 12.4 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 1.35 mg/kg in control soil), (Mn=839.66 in Gadoon and 753.43 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 28.9mg/kg in control soil), (Zn=47.33 in Gadoon and 22.56 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 0.04mg/kg in control soil. Diverse statistical tools like cluster analysis (HC) and principal component analysis (PCA), along with geo-statistical approches such as single pollution load index (SPI), ecological risk factor (Er), enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I-geo) proved significant to moderate enrichment of heavy metals in the soil. Hence, this study indicates that the majority of toxic heavy metals contributed to soil pollution in the studied areas are coming from industrial and commercial activities. To explore the effect of heavy metals on lipid peroxidation in spinach associated with microbes (B. aerius and B. cereus) isolated from contaminated soils irrigated with industrial effluents of GIES and HIEP. The severity of the lipid peroxidation induced by heavy metals was determined by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents, glycine betaine (GB), proline (Pro) contents, hydrogen per oxide (H2O2) contents, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b” and “carotenoids”, total soluble sugar (TSS), proteins (TP) contents, and cell viability (EC) estimation. Plants grown in heavy metals polluted soil showed significant reduction in chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b”, carotenes, total soluble sugar and total proteins contents, whereas electrolyte contents, glycine betaine, proline, hydrogen peroxide and TBARS in terms of lipid peroxidation were increased. Seeds inoculated with microbes showed significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugar and proteins contents whereas cell leakage, glycine betaine contents, proline, hydrogen peroxide contents and TBARS, confirmed decrease in oxidative stress produced by heavy metals. Plant physiological and biochemical attributes like germination percentage, seedling vigor, total nitrogen and proteins contents, metallothionein contents, stomata morphology and antioxidative metabolism associated with heavy metals resistance microbes (B. aerius and B. cereus) showed that heavy metals pollution significantly decrease seed germination, plant growth and vigor, total nitrogen and proteins contents, whereas significantly high metallothionein (MTs) and antioxidants enzymes were noted. Conversely, B. aerius and B. cereus species alleviated heavy metals induced reduction in plant biomass and improved seed germination, total nitrogen and proteins contents, reduced metallothionein and antioxidative enzymes. Furthermore Stomata microstructural alterations were significantly revived by bacterial strains. Results further revealed that plants inoculated with heavy metals resistant bacterial strains were efficient in heavy metals removal from polluted soil as compared to non-inoculated plants. Furthermore both heavy metals resistant strains inoculated plants showed high tolerance index (TI) and low bio-accumulation factor (BF) by comparing with non-inoculated crop ensuring restricted flow of heavy metals to plant system. Reverse Transcription of expressed genes revealed the stress response of two gene families Myeloblastosis (Myb) and Zinc-figure protein genes (Zat-12) in plants grown in contaminated soils. There was very low expression of Myb and Zat-12 genes i.e. 26 and 20%) in GIES soil and 15.78 and 10% in HIEP soil in bio-primed plants, while in non-bio primed plants these values were 100% in GIES soil and 31 and 80% in HIEP soil. It is therefore recommended that plant augmented with heavy metals resistant strains not only regulates the expression of stress inducible genes but also play a major role in the remediation of heavy metals affected agriculture soil.
مولانا مفتی عتیق الرحمن ۱۲؍ مئی ۸۴ء کو ہندوستان کے نامور عالم مولانا مفتی عتیق الرحمن فالج کے موذی مرض میں ایک طویل مدت تک مبتلا رہ کر ۸۴ سال کی عمر میں اس دارفانی سے رحلت گراے عالمِ جاودانی ہوئے۔ ان کے اس مرض کی المناکی دارالمصنفین سے بھی بڑی حد تک وابستہ ہے، اس لئے اس ادارہ کے خدام ان کی وفات حسرت آیات سے بہت سوگوار ہیں، فروری ۱۹۸۲ء میں یہاں ’’اسلام اور مستشرقین‘‘ پر جو سیمینار ہوا تھا، اس میں وہ شرکت کے لئے تشریف لائے تھے، تین روز یہاں بہت ہنسی خوشی سے گذارے، اس کے ایک اجلاس کی صدارت بھی کی، خوش خوش یہاں سے اور شرکاء کے ساتھ روانہ ہوئے تو ریل ہی میں بارہ بنکی کے پاس ان پر فالج کا سخت حملہ ہوا، ان کے ہم سفر مولانا سعید احمد اکبر آبادی اور مولانا سجاد حسین نے ان کو کسی طرح لکھنؤ کے ہسپتال میں داخل کیا، ان کی طبیعت کچھ سنبھلی تو پھر دہلی لے جائے گئے، اس وقت سے اپنی وفات تک تقریباً سوا دو سال تک بستر ہی پر رہے، خیال ہوتا ہے کہ وہ دارالمصنفین کا سفر نہ کرتے تو اس موذی مرض میں مبتلا نہ ہوتے، مگر مشیتِ ایزدی یہی تھی، راقم ان کی عیادت کے لئے کئی بار ان کی خدمت میں حاضر ہوا ان کا جسم تو بیکار ہوچکا تھا، مگر دماغ بیدار رہا، گفتگو میں وہی روانی اور شیر ینی ہوتی جو ان کی طبیعت کا مخصوص رنگ تھا، ہر قسم کے مسائل پر گفتگو کرتے، مگر زیادہ تر دارالعلوم دیوبند کے قضیۂ نامرضیہ پر اظہار خیال کرتے، ایسا معلوم ہوتا کہ وہاں کا المیہ پیش نہ آتا تو اس مرض میں مبتلا نہ ہوتے اور ہوتے بھی تو اتنے دنوں تک بستر علالت پر پڑے نہ رہتے، دارالعلوم دیوبند...
Islam is a globally divine religion and a complete code of life that directs its believers in every sphere of life. Islam always strives for the development of peace and harmony, condemns war and allow it only for the sake of self-defence and protection but as war is a peculiar human activity especially in this global era, thus, Islam has determined appropriate principles for both War and Peace. Muslim attitudes to war and peace are based on the teachings of the Qur'an and the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him). One of the salient feature of these teachings is giving considerable importance and protection to human values. The article in hands presents a research analysis of Islamic human-friendly Principles and Ethics of War and Peace.
Fish received increased attention as a potential source of animal protein and essential nutrients for human diets. Artificial food is required to maintain a high density of fish in farming conditions, than the natural fertility of the water. Fish reared in farming systems have different nutritional requirements than those in the wild. So, well-balanced feeds are necessary nutritionally for pond culture. Growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and chemical composition of fish have a pronounced effect on the quantity and quality of food consumed. The growth and feed conversion ratio of a fish is remarkable tool to compute the acceptability of artificial feed. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the growth performance, proximate and elemental composition of Catla catla reared under polyculture system by feeding artificial fish diets containing different levels of crude protein. For the present study, four different artificial fish diets with 15% CP (CP-15), 20% CP (CP-20), 25% CP (CP-25) and 30% CP (CP-30) were prepared by using locally available ingredients. Feeding trials were conducted in twelve earthen ponds at three different sites of southern Punjab, Pakistan (Figure I), during July to December, 2014. Catla catla were stocked at the rate of 3942 fish/ hectare (2000 fish/acre), having 30% of studying Major Carp, Catla catla, with Labeo rohita (60%) and Cirrhinus mrigala (10%) in the ponds. Four different artificial diets containing 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of crude protein (CP-15, CP-20, CP-25 and CP-30, respectively) were offered at the rate of 4% of body weight of fish stock in four different treatments, T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. To adjust the feeding rate and to observe growth of fish, sampling was done at an interval of 30 days. The feeding trials lasted for 180 days. Various growth parameters such as percent weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated by using standard formulae, at the end of feeding trial. Proximate composition of fish samples from each treatment was analyzed. Water content was determined by the oven drying method. Ash content was determined by using a muffle furnace. Fat content was measured by extraction in a mixture of chloroform and methanol. Protein content was estimated by difference from the mass of other main constituents. Elemental concentrations of Cd, Fe, K, Na, Pb and Zn in the fish samples of Catla catla were determined by using Flame Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Differences among treatment means were determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a p<0.05 level of significance. Presently reported study suggested that among the different dietary protein levels (15%, 20%, 25% and 30% CP), tested for the study of growth performance of Catla catla under polyculture system with high stocking density (2000 fish/acre), 25% CP showed better FCR, survival and production. Hence, best protein level for optimum growth of Catla catla was observed to be 25% and it was not significantly different from that achieved by 30% (p<0.05) dietary protein level. Hence feed containing 25% CP was found to be satisfactory for fish growth instead of 30% CP. The present study also revealed feasibility of higher stocking density (upto 2000 fish/acre) especially in polyculture system. Estimated slope (b) values for LWRs in all four studied treatments and for overall data were found within the expected range of 2.5 - 3.5. Results for LWRs indicated negative allometric growth pattern in T1, positive allometric in T3 and T4, while isometric growth pattern in T2 for overall data. Mean percentages of moisture, ash, fat and protein contents in different treatments were ranged 74.82-77.05, 3.26-4.51, 5.10-5.18 and 13.52-15.94%, respectively. The dietary protein level 25% and 30% in fish feed would result in quality improvement of the chemical composition of fish. Proximate body composition of Catla catla of treatments having 25% CP and 30% CP were similar and found to be nonsignificantly higher than those fed with 15% and 20% CP. Hence feed containing 25% CP was found to be satisfactory for fish growth instead of 30% CP. Predictive regression equations in the present study demonstrated that body size significantly influenced the proximate body composition of Catla catla. Mean Fe, K, Na and Zn concentrations (μgg-1) in wet weight of Catla catla were found 58.58-95.05, 237.89-262.71, 379.44-396.78 and 14.47-16.55 μgg-1, reared under polyculture system by feeding various levels of fish feed in different treatments. Cadmium and lead were found below detectable limits in the body of Catla catla in all studied treatments. Analyzed metal concentrations were found lower than the permissible limits, proposed by different international organizations. For all studied treatments, the metal concentrations increased in the order: Cd=Pb<Zn<Fe<K<Na in the present work. Elevated trend was noticed among the essential metals and decreased trend among the nonessential metals were observed in the fish. Potassium concentrations in whole body of Catla catla presented differences (p < 0.05), however, iron, sodium and zinc concentrations showed no significance difference among studied treatments. Moreover, size of the fish found significantly correlated with Na and K, while remained constant with Fe and Zn concentration. The present work will help to improve fish production as well as promote aquaculture industry in the country. It will also be helpful in popularization of high stocking fish culture and use of artificial diets in public and private sector within the country. However, further studies on growth performance and chemical composition of fish by feeding various levels of dietary protein levels and inclusion of other fish species and hybrid fish in polyculture farming system may help in enhancing the production.