Onion is second most important crop after tomato in the world. Due to shallow root system, absence of root hairs and reduced leaf water potential, onion is considered a drought sensitive crop. Pakistan is ranked 8th in onion production. Water availability in Pakistan is continuously declining due to population explosion and limited water storability facilities in the country. Increasing water productivity seems to be the best possible option which should be adopted for better future. Keeping in view above aspects, a study was conducted to improve water use efficiency of onion. Three different experiments were executed in the field under RCBD factorial arrangements. In the first experiment, three irrigation methods (furrow irrigation, alternate furrow irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation) were tested with or without mulching. In the second experiment, onion crop was subjected to 50% water stress at different growth stages, vegetative, bulbing and bulb maturation (individually as well as in all possible combinations),to find out critical crop growth stage. A third experiment was conducted to determine the optimum irrigation interval and quantity needed for quality onion bulb production. All three experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013. Results indicated that alternate furrow irrigation method with mulching gave similar results as normal furrow irrigation without mulching. Among growth stages, water stress at vegetative and bulbing stage was found most destructive. Water stress at these growth stages significantly reduced plant height, leaf diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, bulb diameter, bulb weight, number of bulbs per plant, and total and marketable yield per hectare. However, significant increase in percent dry matter contents, bolting, acidity and soluble solid contents was observed under water stress. Mulching significantly improved the water use efficiency of the plant and benefit cost ratio.Results showed that under drip irrigation system, application of 3mm and 6mm water at 2 day irrigation interval is suitable for onion crop under mulched and non-mulched conditions respectively.
اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ اک کاں نوں کسے حلوائی دی دکان توں اک پنیر دا تکڑا ملیا۔ کاں نے اوس نوں اپنی چنج نال گھٹ کے پھڑیا تے اڈ کے درخت دی اُچی تھاں اُتے بہہ گیا۔ دل ای دل وچ بہت خوش ہویا کہ اج کھان نوں بڑے دناں بعد چنگی شے ملی اے۔ اوہ خوشی وچ کھاون دا سوچ ای رہیا سی کہ اوہدر اک لومڑی آ گئی۔ کاں کول پنیر دا ٹوٹا ویکھ کے لومڑی دے منہ وچ پانی آ گیا۔ اوہ سوچن لگی کہ کویں ایہہ ٹوٹا کاں کولوں کھو لیا جاوے۔ لومڑی اپنی چالاکی پاروں سارے جانوراں وچ مشہور اے۔ اوس دے دماغ وچ اک تجویز آئی۔ اوہ کاں دی خوشامد کرن لگی۔ اوس آکھیا۔
’’بھرا کاں! توں اک بہت سوہنا پرندہ ایں۔ تیرے پر کنے سوہنے نیں تے تیرا رنگ کناں چمکیلا اے۔۔۔ میرے خیال وچ تیری آواز وی رنگ تے پراں وانگ بہت سوہنی ہووے گی۔ تیری بڑی مہربانی ہووے گی کہ توں مینوں اک سریلا گیت سنا دیویں۔‘‘
کاں نے لومڑی دے موہنوں جدوں اپنی تعریف سنی تاں بہت خوش ہویا۔ اوس فوراً گیت سناون لئی اپنا منہ کھولیا۔ تاں اوہ پنیر دا ٹوٹا اوہدے منہ وچوں نکل کے زمین اتے ڈگ پیا۔ لومڑی نے چھیتی نال اوس نوں چکیا تے کھا لیا تے کاں اپنی بے وقوفی تے افسوس کردا رہ گیا۔
One of the main arguments that Allah has made in the Quran about the authenticity of this last book is that the Quran is free from all kinds of contradictions and differences. Whoever interprets the Quran, the authenticity of the Quran has become clearer on it. Different forms of language and literature are adopted in the Quran. If one is not familiar with the Quranic verses or does not have access to the truth of the words or is unfamiliar with the reality of the ayah, it may be possible to feel the contradiction in some places, when in reality it is not.
Present study deals with the correlation of Toxoplasma with some endocrine parameters for the assessment of immunopathogenic mechanism in human population selected from different localities of Lahore. Besides analysis of blood using ELISA for various parameters (anti-Toxo IgG and IgM, Insulin, TSH, T3, T4, FSH, LH, testosterone and estradiol) this multidisciplinary study involved the questionnaire survey of the area for the assessment of health status of the study respondents and risk factors regarding toxoplasmosis. Data was analyzed statistically by Chi-square test, ttest, ANOVA and correlation (p<0.05). Analysis of data revealed that seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection was significantly related to various factors; socioeconomic status, pica habits, consumption of untreated water for drinking purpose and exposure to oocysts contaminated surfaces as feral cats have high abundance in the study areas. Toxoplasma gondii infection was highly prevalent among study subjects. It was found that chronic Toxoplasma infection was more prevalent (58.5%) among respondents then acute/recent cases (41.5%). Gender wise comparison showed that prevalence of infection was higher among male subjects (86%) in compared to the females (34%). Percentage prevalence of Toxoplasma had positive correlation with seropositivity among subjects of 36-44+ years of age. Toxoplasma infection was found to be correlated with different endocrine hormones. Higher insulin concentration was detected among seropositive subjects reflecting similar trend in both sexes. The deviation was significant among senior age groups. The concentration of TSH, T3 and T4 was detected to be higher than the reference value among 9%, 19% and 79% subjects respectively. In case of male seropositive subjects, LH was significantly higher (11.89±0.66mlU/ml) whereas testosterone was found to be lower (2.82±0.13ng/ml) than normal reference value. In general female Toxoplasma positive respondents were detected with variable ranges of FSH, LH and estradiol during various reproductive phases. These changes in various hormones reflect the possible role of toxoplasmosis leading to various metabolic disorders and reproductive problems. The results are depictive of the fact that lack of education and awareness, poor hygiene conditions and other risk factors greatly enhance the transmission of such parasites. The results of the study are significant and provide enough evidence regarding toxoplasmosis and its correlation with the changes in various hormones leading to health effects.