Moral Reforms in a Community: Modus Operandi in the Light of Sīrah

It’s always the people who define the status of a society. If the people of a society are civilized, the society will be called an ideal society. Moral reforms and behavioural therapy of individuals of the society are basic factors to establish an ideal society. Such an ideal society was established by Prophet Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) in Madina where he laid the foundations of brotherhood and equality among citizens of that state. He showed tolerance towards people belonging to different religions by protecting all their human rights and by providing indiscriminate and quick justice. He not only made the social institutions strong but also developed a history of human civilization. We simply need to work on our moral values and behaviours. We should study the daily life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) and mould our lives according to that. Dire need of the modern world is the rectification of human behavior in the light of the ideal life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H). It will give an opportunity to breathe the same spirit into the contemporary social attitudes so that our society may become peaceful.

Determinants of Corporate Social Resposibility for Sustainable Development

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a phenomenon that has received considerable attention not only from academicians & from researchers but also from corporate sector since it has multidimensional effects on their performance. It is imperative to note that companies may use CSR as a tool to manage many types of stakeholders, including stakeholders outside of the organization and outcomes that go beyond financial result. This notion will lead the companies towards new era mostly stated as sustainability, where companies act responsibly towards social, environmental and societal issues at large. The current study seeks to model and empirically test the relationship amongst determinants and outcomes (i.e. psychological and performance) of corporate social responsibility, specifically this study probe into relationship between ethical leadership, corporate social responsibility, trust and performance variables (organizational citizenship behavior, task performance behavior & counterproductive work behavior). Furthermore, this study also examines the role of ethical climate between the relationships of ethical leadership and CSR (ethical climate acts as a moderator). The current study has used mix methods approach i.e. quantitative and qualitative research design. The population of the study is scheduled and listed commercial banks in Pakistan. The study has used both simple random probability sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using mix methods from the sampled individuals for quantitative analysis. 500 responses were received back from the employees of banks from major cities (i.e. Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi and Peshawar) however, only 420 were useable. Fifteen top executives were interviewed out of the thirty-five listed commercial banks for qualitative analysis in respect to sustainable development. Data was analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Furthermore, necessary tests were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Findings indicate that ethical leadership has positive impact on CSR and significantly contributes towards defining the underlying processes of CSR. Results confirmed that ethical climate acts as a moderator between the relationship of ethical leadership & CSR. The CSR activities are project based and identified through an internal mechanism sometimes based on need and philanthropic prospective. The integrated conceptual framework of the current study will be helpful in decision making as to determine the impact of CSR on performance variables. Similarly, the current study will help corporate sector in devising strategies and policies of sustainability for competitive advantages. The researcher contends that this is one of the few studies in Pakistani context to understand the underlying processes linking ethical leadership with CSR along with the performance outcomes and ethical climate as moderator. This will certainly provide a comprehensive overview of CSR and sustainability prospective in Pakistan.