Bioremediation of colored textile wastewater loaded with dyes and metals is a matter of great concern due to the hazardous risks associated with their untreated discharge into water bodies. The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize dye decolorizing metal tolerant bacterial strains for treatment of textile wastewater. For this purpose, 220 metal tolerant bacteria isolated from textile wastewaters coming from different textile industries in Faisalabad were tested for their potential to decolorize four different reactive dyes viz. reactive red 120 (RR120), reactive black 5 (RB5), reactive orange 16 (RO16) and reactive yellow 2 (RY2). Based on the potential to decolorize RR120, RB5, RO16 and RY2 in the presence of a mixture of four heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Zn, Pb), four bacterial strains viz. ZM17, ZM130, ZM160 and ZM183 were selected for subsequent studies. These strain were identified following the amplification, sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of their 16SrRNA, and were named as Raoultella sp. ZM17, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZM130, Pseudomonas sp. ZM160 and Pseudomonas sp. ZM183. The selected bacterial strains were found to have varying levels of tolerance against the presence of different heavy metal ions in the media. Moreover, the decolorizing potential of these isolates was found to be decreased with an increase in the initial dye concentration. Furthermore, the interactive effects of four input variables including salt content, pH, C source concentration and level of multi-metal mixture on decolorization of RB5 by the selected bacterial strains were examined following response surface methodology (RSM) statistical modeling. All the four strains were also found capable of simultaneously removing Cr(VI) and all the reactive azo-dyes under study. However, the strain ZM130 was found to be the most efficient among these strains. The strains ZM17 and ZM183 were also found to harbor a dye decolorizing azoreductase Azr gene, whereas, a cadmium tolerant czcABC gene was found to be amplified from the DNA of the strains ZM130, ZM160 and ZM183. Enzymatic analyses of the strain ZM130 indicated that azo-reductase and tyrosinase activities were absent in this strain, however, this strain exhibited considerable activity of laccase and NADH-DCIP reductase activity during the decolorization of RR120. While testing the applicability of the strain ZM130 for treatment of synthetic wastewater, efficiency for color and COD removal of this strain was found to be favored and better in the anaerobic batch bioreactor as compared to aerobic batch bioreactor system. However, presence of yeast extract significantly increased the potential of ZM130 for color and COD removal with attached growth of microbial culture. The potential of the most efficient dye decolorizing metal tolerant bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa ZM130 for treatment of synthetic colored wastewater containing both RB5 (300 mg L-1) and hexavalent chromium (25 mg L-1) was also tested in vertical soil columns bio-augmented with this strain using sterilized and non-sterilized soil. It was interesting to note that the highest level of color, COD and Cr(VI) removal (˃90%) was achieved in the treatments where the soil columns were bio-augmented either with the sludge alone or the sludge along with ZM130 followed by the strain ZM130 along with addition of yeast extract. Based on the findings of the present study, it might be concluded that the selected bacterial strains, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ZM130, harbor a varying but highly considerable potential for bioremediation of different xenobiotic compounds including dyes and heavy metals. Hence, this strain could be used to develop the bio-treatment systems (bioreactors) for addressing the problem of azo-dyes and metals in the wastewater.
پنڈت کشن پرشاد کول پنڈت کشن پرشادکول لکھنؤ کے رہنے والے اور لکھنؤ کی پُرانی تہذیب اور روایات کی بڑی حسین یادگار تھے، اُردو زبان کے نکتہ سنج ونکتہ شناس، بلند پایہ ادیب اور بڑے صحیح الخیال اورنیک دل بزرگ تھے۔اُردو زبان اوراس کے ساتھ وابستہ کلچر اورتہذیب کے ساتھ اُن کوعشق تھا۔ یوپی میں اُردو کو علاقائی زبان بنانے کے لیے دستخطی مہم کی کامیابی زیادہ ترانھیں کی کوششوں کانتیجہ تھی۔اُردو سے متعلق ہرتحریک میں وہ سرگرمی سے حصّہ لیتے تھے۔ چنانچہ وفات سے کچھ دن پہلے ہی انھوں نے بہار میں اردو کانفرنس کی صدارت کی تھی اوراس میں بڑا اچھا خطبہ پڑھا تھا۔ اگرچہ وہ اب خود دنیا میں نہیں ہیں لیکن اپنے کردار وعمل اوراپنے اخلاق کاایک ایسا نقش چھوڑگئے ہیں کہ نئی نسلیں اُن سے بہت کچھ سبق حاصل کرسکتی ہیں۔ [ فروری ۱۹۵۵ء]
ObjectiveTo compare clinical and functional outcomes and complications of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) by plating and Ilizarov technique in complex tibial plateau fractures. MethodsThis study is a randomized clinical trial accompanying 56 patients having Schatzker type V and VI tibial plateau fractures. We divided patients into two groups for management. Group I; open reduction internal fixation versus Ilizarov technique (Group II). We conducted at the Orthopedics Department, Jinnah post-graduate medical centre, Karachi, from April-2018 to Oct2020. The endpoint assessed patients’ satisfaction and clinical and functional outcomes up to an 18-month follow-up. ResultsThe aetiology of tibial fracture was mainly road traffic accidents (RTA); 17 (70.9%) in ORIF versus 23 (71.8%) in the Ilizarov group. According to clinical outcomes, excellent extension lag was achieved in 100% of patients in both groups. Most patients had excellent knee flexion, thigh atrophy and instability outcomes (54.1% vs 59.37%, 87.5% vs 81.2% and 83.3% vs 87.5%). The functional outcome assessment was done and recorded for 18 months of follow-up. There was no significant difference in normal walking, stair climbing, squatting, jumping and duck walking between the groups. The overall rate of complications was similar; 11 (45.8%) in ORIF versus 17 (53.12%) in the Illizarov group (p-value 0.78). ConclusionOur study concludes that there is an excellent clinical and functional outcome found in both procedures. DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/008
Onion is second most important crop after tomato in the world. Due to shallow root system, absence of root hairs and reduced leaf water potential, onion is considered a drought sensitive crop. Pakistan is ranked 8th in onion production. Water availability in Pakistan is continuously declining due to population explosion and limited water storability facilities in the country. Increasing water productivity seems to be the best possible option which should be adopted for better future. Keeping in view above aspects, a study was conducted to improve water use efficiency of onion. Three different experiments were executed in the field under RCBD factorial arrangements. In the first experiment, three irrigation methods (furrow irrigation, alternate furrow irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation) were tested with or without mulching. In the second experiment, onion crop was subjected to 50% water stress at different growth stages, vegetative, bulbing and bulb maturation (individually as well as in all possible combinations),to find out critical crop growth stage. A third experiment was conducted to determine the optimum irrigation interval and quantity needed for quality onion bulb production. All three experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013. Results indicated that alternate furrow irrigation method with mulching gave similar results as normal furrow irrigation without mulching. Among growth stages, water stress at vegetative and bulbing stage was found most destructive. Water stress at these growth stages significantly reduced plant height, leaf diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, bulb diameter, bulb weight, number of bulbs per plant, and total and marketable yield per hectare. However, significant increase in percent dry matter contents, bolting, acidity and soluble solid contents was observed under water stress. Mulching significantly improved the water use efficiency of the plant and benefit cost ratio.Results showed that under drip irrigation system, application of 3mm and 6mm water at 2 day irrigation interval is suitable for onion crop under mulched and non-mulched conditions respectively.