The present study is the characterization of wastewater drains, wastewater from disposal stations and their impacts on the three southern rivers of Punjab i.e. Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Total of 256 samples were collected from 20 selected drains, 3 barrages (one of each river), 33 disposal stations, river water and from selected wells. Out of the 20 drain, 13 drains were selected which were falling directly into the rivers and their impacts were assessed by taking samples after suitable intervals, to study the effect of dilution and to develop their relevance with the potential impact on the rivers through the analysis of 17 important waste water parameters. Disposal stations selected were located in the catchment area of the rivers and had vice versa affected with respect to water recharge and infiltration. Two (2) samples were also taken from the vicinity of each disposal station (at a distance of 100 meter and 200 meter) in order to assess the impact of effluent from disposal station on the ground water quality. GIS mapping was carried out to assess the impact of 13 selected drains falling directly into the river and their subsequent samples (3 samples; immediately after falling into the river, after one hundred meter distance and after one thousand meters distance). Statistics was applied on the results to evaluate the correlation between significant parameters. BOD5, COD, pH, TDS, and TSS had positive correlations with each other. The results of the drain samples showed very high level of pollution load and almost all the parameters were out of the limits. It was confirmed that the bacteriological contamination is present in all rivers. BOD5 and COD load was also present in all the rivers. Comparatively higher levels of TDS could also be found in all three rivers. Although Ammonia was found to be within limits after 1000 meters, however ammonia was above limits in Sutlej and Ravi at three locations. Sulfate was also found out of limits at one point in all the three rivers. The results of the samples from disposal stations showed that all the samples were heavily polluted and only neutralization is taking place before the effluent is discharged in unlined inadequately structured Nallahs (drains). Higher TSS is an indication of low-level and improper treatment. This has caused ground water contamination and almost all the well samples had the presence of coliforms. TDS was also found to be very high showing effect of discharges from the disposal stations (which are ultimately recharging ground water). It was also noted that the wells and disposal station were within the catchment area of the rivers and this pollution ultimately is affecting the rivers as well.
حدود آرڈیننس 5 جولائی 1977ء کو ضیا ء الحق نے وطن عزیز میں مارشل لا ء نافذ کیا۔یہ حقیقت ہے کہ اس مارشل لاء کو عوامی حمایت حاصل تھی۔ ضیاء دور میں اسلامائزیشن کےلیےبہت ٹھوس اقدامات کیے گئے۔ اس عہد کا ایک بڑا کارنامہ اسلامیہ جمہوریہ پاکستان میں حدود قوانین کا نفاذ ہے جواسلامی نظریاتی کونسل نے تقریباً ڈیڑھ سال کی جہد مسلسل کے بعد پانچ مسودات کی صورت میں پیش کیا۔ ان مسودات پر عمل درآمد کا مقصدبراہ راست معاشرے کی اخلاقی اقدار کے تحفظ اور جائیداد کی حفاظت سے تھا،یعنی ان کی تنفیذ سے مقاصد شریعت کا تحفظ ممکن تھا۔ ان سفارشات کے ذریعے چوری ، ڈاکہ ، زنا، قذف اور شراب نوشی وغیرہ جرائم سے متعلق مروجہ قوانین کو بدل کر اسلامی قوانین کا نفاذ کر دیا گیا اور ان جرائم کے ارتکاب پر قرآن وسنت کی مقرر کردہ سزائین نافذ کر دی گئیں ۔ 12 ریبع الاول 1399 ھ کو رسول اللہ ﷺ کی ولادت با سعادت کے دن بمطابق مورخہ 10 فروری 1979 ء کو ضیاء الحق نے ایک صدارتی حکم نامہ کے ذریعے مند رجہ ذیل حدود قوانین کا اجراء کیا: 1. جائیداد (منقولہ )سے متعلق جرائم(نفاذ حدود) آرڈیننس 1979ء Offences against Property (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979, VI of 1979. اس قانون کو نافذ کرنے کا بنیادی مقصد جائیداد (منقولہ) سے متعلق ہونے والے کچھ خاص جرائم کو اسلامی شریعت کے مطابق ڈھالنا ہے اور اس سے مال کی حفاظت مقصود ہے ۔ یہ قوانین چوری یا ڈکیتی وغیرہ کے زمرے میں آتے ہیں۔ اس آرڈیننس کے تحت کل چھبیس دفعات ہیں، پہلی دفعہ یہ ظاہر کرتی ہے کہ یہ قانون 10 فروری 1979ء بمطابق 12 ربیع الاول 1399 ہجری سے پورے پاکستان میں فافذالعمل ہوگا ۔ 422 دوسری دفعہ مختلف تعریفات پر مشتمل ہے جو اس قانون...
يهدف هذا البحث إلى التعريف بالإمام القرطبي وكتابه الجامع لأحكام القرآن الكريم، حيث يعتبر القرآن الكريم من أعظم المصادر في معرفة اللغة والوقوف على أسرارها، ومايتعلق به من علوم وخصوصا علم التفسير، وقد وضضع لنا الإمام القرطبي مصنفا ثريا على مستوى الكم والكيف، فهو موسوعة جامعة لكل ما يتعلق بالقرآن الكريم، وقد جمع بين دفتي هذا التفسير علوما شتى، وتتمثل مشكلة البحث في أن الإمام القرطبي متمكن نظرا وتطبيقا، كما ظهر في تفسيره، ولكنه مع ذلك لم يعرف نحويا كما عرف فقيها ومحدثا عالما مشاركا في علوم عدة، ويهدف هذا البحث إلى إبراز الإمام القرطبي من حيث اسمه ونسبه وولادته وحياته العلمية، وكتابه الجامع لأحكام القرآن الكريم.
Foreign private investment (FPI) is the favorite domain not only for developed nations but also the developing countries. There were found many theories related to the foreign private investment. The institutional theory of foreign private investment states that institutions of the host country play important role in attracting the inflow of foreign private investment. It is believe that sound institutional performance and better macroeconomic management are keys to attract foreign private investment. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of institutional performance and macroeconomic management on foreign private investment in Pakistan. To achieve this objective, study used secondary data ranging from 1984 to 2013. The data regarding institutional performance was extracted from International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) website and data regarding macroeconomic management and foreign private investment were extracted from World Development Indicators (WDI) website. The study employed the descriptive statistic, correlation analysis, graphical analysis and stationarity analysis techniques to have primary investigation. To achieve the main objective of the study, firstly the regression analysis was employed to find the impact of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. To study the long run and short run behavior of the variables, study employed the cointegration test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model and error correction mechanism (ECM). The Granger causality test is also applied in order to investigate the cause and effect relationship among the variables.The study concluded that the better institutional performance has a significant positive impact of foreign private investment inflow in Pakistan. The institutional performance indicators including government stability, investment profile, lowering external conflicts and bureaucratic quality have a significant positive impact on foreign private investment inflow. The study also concluded that the sound macroeconomic management including interest rate, per capita gross domestic product and natural resources has a significant positive impact of foreign private investment inflow. The findings from the cointegration test concluded that the institutional performance and macroeconomic management have a long run co-integrated relationship among them. The findings from the ARDL model concluded that institutional performance, per capita GDP and natural resources have a significant positive long run elasticities affecting foreign private investment. The findings from the error correction mechanism (ECM) concluded that there is a long run convergence ability in the model to create equilibrium in the economy. The findings from the Granger causality analysis concluded that institutional performance, macroeconomic management and foreign private investment have a bi-directional relationship between them. On the basis of findings of the study it is suggested that the government and its institutions concerned to the foreign investment especially board of investment must focus on the institutional performance and macroeconomic management of the country to improve the inflow of FPI. It is also recommended for future research that one can use political, economic and financial risk analysis as well as composite macroeconomic management index for studying inflow of FPI.