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Characterization of Waste Water from Drains and Disposal Stations and Their Impacts on Three Southern Rivers of Punjab

Thesis Info

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Author

Mahmood, Asim

Program

PhD

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Environmental Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12991/1/Asim_Mahmood_HSR_Environm_Sciences_HSR_2016_UoP_Lahore_11.05.2017.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724547952

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The present study is the characterization of wastewater drains, wastewater from disposal stations and their impacts on the three southern rivers of Punjab i.e. Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Total of 256 samples were collected from 20 selected drains, 3 barrages (one of each river), 33 disposal stations, river water and from selected wells. Out of the 20 drain, 13 drains were selected which were falling directly into the rivers and their impacts were assessed by taking samples after suitable intervals, to study the effect of dilution and to develop their relevance with the potential impact on the rivers through the analysis of 17 important waste water parameters. Disposal stations selected were located in the catchment area of the rivers and had vice versa affected with respect to water recharge and infiltration. Two (2) samples were also taken from the vicinity of each disposal station (at a distance of 100 meter and 200 meter) in order to assess the impact of effluent from disposal station on the ground water quality. GIS mapping was carried out to assess the impact of 13 selected drains falling directly into the river and their subsequent samples (3 samples; immediately after falling into the river, after one hundred meter distance and after one thousand meters distance). Statistics was applied on the results to evaluate the correlation between significant parameters. BOD5, COD, pH, TDS, and TSS had positive correlations with each other. The results of the drain samples showed very high level of pollution load and almost all the parameters were out of the limits. It was confirmed that the bacteriological contamination is present in all rivers. BOD5 and COD load was also present in all the rivers. Comparatively higher levels of TDS could also be found in all three rivers. Although Ammonia was found to be within limits after 1000 meters, however ammonia was above limits in Sutlej and Ravi at three locations. Sulfate was also found out of limits at one point in all the three rivers. The results of the samples from disposal stations showed that all the samples were heavily polluted and only neutralization is taking place before the effluent is discharged in unlined inadequately structured Nallahs (drains). Higher TSS is an indication of low-level and improper treatment. This has caused ground water contamination and almost all the well samples had the presence of coliforms. TDS was also found to be very high showing effect of discharges from the disposal stations (which are ultimately recharging ground water). It was also noted that the wells and disposal station were within the catchment area of the rivers and this pollution ultimately is affecting the rivers as well.
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ارمغانِ محبت درصنعت توشیح

ارمغانِ محبت
(در صنعتِ توشیح)

شہزاد
ش شاہِ طیبہ کی محبت کا سدا نغمہ گزار
ہ ہر عمل اُس کا جمالِ مصطفیؐ کا عکس بار
ز زادِ رہ اس کا فقط وصفِ حبیب کردگار
ا ایک شاعر ، اک محقق ، اک ادیبِ زر نگار
د دستِ فن سے نعت گوئی کا سلیقہ آشکار
احمد
ا اس کا ہر اک نقشِ خدمت ، آب دار و تاب دار
ح حمدِ باری ، مدحِ احمد، اُس کا عجز و افتخار
م مدحتِ خیرالبشرؐ کے گل ستاں کا نوبہار
د دانش و حکمت میں یکتا ، بزمِ فن کا شہریار!
از جمشیدکمبوہ

غریب الحدیث کی مشہور کتابوں کے مناہج تألیف کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Methodical codification of “Gharib ul Hadith” books started during second century. Abu Ubaida Mua‘mmar bin Muthanna, an Iraqi scholar, pioneered the field. Afterwards numerous scholars have written books on “Gharib ul Hadith” but they followed different methodologies for their compositions. Some of them have written Hadith's disorderly, and then explained all Gharib words appearing in the Hadith. This method appears in most part of their writings. Some of the scholars have observed jurisprudential method for their creations. Others followed methodology of explaining Gharibwords by organizing Hadith's; first from Prophet Muhammad, then from sahabas (companions of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w), and finally from Taba’een (immediate followers). However, some sorted Hadith in alphabetical order. This research article presented a detailed analytical review of different methodologies adopted in famous “Gharib ul Hadith” Books.

Performance Evaluation of On-Farm Water Management Interventions in Punjab

Water availability and its application affect most crop production activities and hence become important for sustained crop production in agri-based economy of Pakistan. The realization among farming community is increasing that On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) is of prime importance for satisfying the needs of irrigated agriculture and other related activities. They tend to endeavour to optimize the water supply to their crops within the limits of their knowledge and the farming practices. The Govt. of the Punjab initiated the On-Farm Water Management interventions in an organized manner in late seventies and invested billions of Rupees on various interventions (i.e. lining of watercourses, laser land levelling, zero tillage and bed-furrow, etc. out of which the major share was devoted towards lining of watercourses). This study was designed to evaluate the performance of on-farm water management interventions like watercourse lining, laser land levelling, zero tillage and bed-furrow. The study area was selected in the rice- wheat cropping zone of Punjab, Pakistan. Eleven districts were selected from the study area for the performance evaluation of watercourse lining and Resource conservation interventions. Sixteen sampled partially lined watercourses were randomly selected in four districts in Punjab province. The flow rate of each selected watercourse was measured at three sites along the length of the watercourse, i.e. at the head of lined section close to the outlet (mogha), at the end of the lined section, and in the unlined section at a distance equal to length of the lined section. The average value of conveyance losses in lined and unlined sections of sixteen sampled watercourses was 0.9 and 1.32 l/sec per 100 m length, respectively. The lowest losses were found in lined watercourses of Sahiwal district while the highest losses were observed in case of lined sections of Pakpattan district. The lined watercourses of Sahiwal district reduced the conveyance losses by 38% whereas the lowest reduction of 27% was found in the lined watercourses of Pakpattan district. Average reduction of 32% in conveyance losses was found by partially lining of selected watercourses in the study area. viiThe reported number of watercourses in Punjab is 58,770 whereas 43467 have been lined upto 2010-11. From the results of present study, it is concluded that the partially lining by 30% length has improved the watercourse conveyance efficiency by 10% and average annual water saving by partial lining (30% length) watercourses in Punjab was estimated as 4.6 BCM per year. Apart from augmenting the conveyance efficiency and reducing seepage losses, the lining of watercourses has significantly augmented the crop yield and farm income of the farmers. The average crop yield of the fields served by the partially lined watercourses has been augmented by 11, 12 and 9% for wheat, rice and sugarcane crops, respectively. Similarly, gross farm income from these crops were higher by 17, 36 and 25%, respectively For feasible and sustainable agriculture production, the cost of crop inputs should be decreased and at the same time the efficiency of resources must be increased. Resource conservation interventions (RCIs) such as zero tillage (ZT), laser land levelling (LLL), and bed-furrow (BF) play a key role to achieve these goals. A survey was conducted in year 2011-12 in ten districts of Punjab for data collection about the agriculture inputs and outputs of RCIs and conventional irrigation system. The analysis of data revealed that these interventions have saved significant irrigation water, augmented the crop yield and enhanced the farm income of the farmers. Irrigation water saved by zero tillage, bed- furrow and laser land levelling was 49 and 40, 31% per hectare respectively in the selected irrigated areas. Water productivity was higher for zero tillage (2.02 kg/m 3 ) followed by bed-furrow (1.59 kg/m 3 ) and laser land levelling (1.58 kg/m 3 ) interventions as compared to the conventional technique (0.89 kg/m 3 ). Fertilizer use efficiency by laser land levelling, bed-furrow and zero tillage was 18.19, 17.7 and 19.1% per hectare respectively as compared to conventional technique (13.98%). Hence, the OFWM interventions have provided excellent tool for making development towards improving and sustaining agriculture production, poverty empowerment and ensure food security in Pakistan and elsewhere under similar socio-environmental conditions.