مسز سروجنی نیڈو
افسوس ہے کہ ہماری قومی عمارت کا ایک اور ستون گرگیا اور ۲؍ مارچ کو مسز سروجنی نیڈو ہم سے رخصت ہوگئیں وہ عورت تھیں مگر اپنے اوصاف اور خصوصیات میں بہتیرے مردوں سے بڑھ کر تھیں، وہ انگریزی زبان کی نازک خیال شاعرہ، سحرطراز خطیبہ، سیاسیات کی ماہر، جنگ آزادی کی سرفروش سپاہی اور ہندومسلم اتحاد کا عملی نمونہ تھیں، انھوں نے آزادی کی جنگ میں مردوں کے دوش بدوش قیدوبند کی مصیبتیں جھیلیں، وہ فرقہ ورانہ جذبات سے بلند اور صلح کل تھیں، ان کا دل بڑا وسیع تھا، اس میں مسلمانوں کے لئے بھی جگہ تھی، مسلمانوں کے ساتھ ہمیشہ ان کے دوستانہ تعلقات رہے، اور اس فرقہ ورانہ دور میں بھی ان کے خیالات اور طرزعمل میں کوئی تبدیلی نہیں ہوئی تھی، ہندو مسلمانوں کے بعض اختلافی مسائل میں ان کے ذاتی خیالات حکومت کی پالیسی سے مختلف تھے، جن کو وہ صاف طریقہ سے ظاہر نہ کرسکتی تھیں، لیکن ان کی جھلک ان کی تقریروں میں نظر آجاتی تھی، وہ مغربی تعلیم یافتہ تھیں، ان کی ساری زندگی سیاسی میدان میں گزری، اس کے باوجود ان میں نسوانی اور مشرقی خصوصیات موجود تھیں، دل میں نسوانی مہرومحبت، طبیعت میں خلق و مروت، مزاج میں شگفتگی و خوش اخلاقی اور تہذیب و معاشرت میں مغربی آب و رنگ کے ساتھ مشرقی روح جھلکتی تھی، وہ اپنے طرز عمل سے ہندو مسلمان دونوں میں مقبول تھیں اور دونوں کا اعتماد ان کو حاصل تھا، اس لئے ان کی موت دونوں کا قومی حادثہ ہے، ہوا کا رخ دیکھتے ہوئے اب ایسی شخصیتوں کا پیدا ہونا بظاہر مشکل معلوم ہوتا ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۴۹ء)
This study aims to explore the relationship between perceived online social support, internet addiction, and psychological well-being among university students. A sample of 250 university students from different universities in Lahore was included in this study. A purposive sampling strategy was used to collect survey data using internationally standardized tools. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Hierarchical Linear Regression results showed that two subscales of perceived online social support, friends, and family, had a significant positive relationship with psychological well-being among university students. Among predictors, the current level of the semester and one subscale of perceived online social support- family, emerged as a significant positive predictor of psychological well-being among university students. The study concludes that family and friends are integral to the psychological well-being of university students and interventions must be planned to ensure that university students living far from home and those with excessive workloads have sufficient online and offline time with family and friends for mental health and well-being.
Cognitiveradionetworks(CRNs)havegainedatremendousinterestintheresearch community, as they tend to solve the existing and future issues of frequency spectrum scarcity by exploiting the spectrum holes in underutilized licensed and unlicensed frequency bands, thereby, improving the spectrum utilization. The number of channels in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) always varies with time and location as compared to legacy wireless networks with fixed number of radio channels. This variability of available channels in cognitive radio networks has brought new design challenges in MediumAccessControl(MAC)protocolsandhasledtotheneedformostefficientand reliable MAC protocols in a CRN that can sustain under variable network conditions. Thesharingofdiscoveredspectrumholesamongthecontendingsecondaryusers(SUs) increases the overall spectrum utilization; however, the utilization of these discovered spectrum holes within the CRN depends on the access mechanism of SUs. In random access, waste of these spectrum holes would occur due to collisions and un-attempted slots by SUs. Therefore, optimal use of these discovered holes with minimum or no waste is desirable in an efficient CRN. A self- organizing collision-free MAC protocol isproposedforthedistributedCRNthatismoreefficientinspectrumsharingbyavoiding collisions and maximally utilizing un-attempted slots during access phase, thus increasing the spectrum utilization and throughput. This is achieved by organizing and queuing the active SUs through a timer value and directing them in an orderly fashion to use the discovered holes. Finding holes from the underutilized portion of spectrum at varying times and locations is the most important function in CRNs. This requires efficient sensing policy at the MAC layer that can discover more idle channels in minimal time. Spectrum sensing policies for searching idle channels from the underutilized primary band can significantly affect the performance of SUs in terms of throughput, reliability and en ergy efficiency. The sensing policy depends on the channel sensing order that decides how SUs sense the primary user band in minimal period of time. A cooperative parallel sensing scheme with sequential channel selection order is proposed as part of the MAC protocol, which can discover all the free channels in the primary user band in minimal time. The proposed scheme has been analyzed for the number of channels sensedandthenumberofidlechannelsdiscovered. Furthermore,energyefficiencyand throughput of the proposed scheme have also been evaluated. The results show considerable improvement for the proposed scheme as compared to the random channel spectrum sensing schemes prevalent in adhoc CRNs. The work in this thesis has aimed to improve spectrum management by adopting new spectrum sensing policies and improvingspectrumsharingbyself-organizingthecognitiveusersforcollisionfreeaccess in adhoc CRN MAC protocols.