The study is an attempt to understand Chinese rapid economic growth and its impact on China – Pakistan relations from 2001 to 2014. The incidents of 9/11 had severe impact on global economic scenario resulting in global recession. Ironically, by the end of 2001 the major growth polls of the world slipped into recession, it caused serious damage to the economies of the developing countries particularly Pakistan as it was a front line state in war against terror. As a result of recession, imports and exports, industrial production, tax revenue and foreign direct investment were badly affected in Pakistan which resulted in huge economic loss - approximately US$ 67 billion. Due to emergence of terrorism since 9/11, foreign direct investment in Pakistan declined and thus, a large amount of Chinese Foreign direct investment was directed towards Latin America and Africa which affected the economy of Pakistan. The present study highlights core areas of economic cooperation between China and Pakistan, which can further strengthen Pakistan’s economy, resulting in a win – win situation in trade between the two countries. The research adopts and follows the theories of Liberalism and highlights the Flying Geese model in the economic and trade affairs between the two countries. Further, the study seeks to find out possible ways to overcome the weak areas of trade between China and Pakistan for better economic relations between both the countries, in which Pakistan could also gain more benefit. The study provides a baseline to the policy makers in Pakistan to overcome the weaknesses due to which Pakistani exports could not find a suitable place in the Chinese market.
پروفیسر محمد عمرالدین افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں پروفیسر محمد عمر الدین کا ۶۲ برس کی عمر میں انتقال علی گڑھ میں ہوگیا،اوریہیں دفن ہوئے۔ مرحوم علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی میں ۲۴ء میں داخل ہوئے تھے، اُس وقت سے دمِ آخرتک اُن کا رشتہ اس درس گاہ سے منقطع نہیں ہوا۔ انھوں نے تعلیم یہیں مکمل کی، پھر یہیں لکچرر، ریڈر، پروفیسر اورصدر شعبۂ فلاسفی ونفسیات، وارڈن، اور پروووسٹ اورخداجانے کیاکیا ہوئے۔انھوں نے یونیورسٹی میں بڑے بڑے اتار چڑھاؤ اورانقلابات دیکھے تھے،اوراب آخر میں خود انقلاباتِ زمانہ کی عبرت انگیز تصویربن کررہ گئے تھے۔اسلامی فلسفہ اُن کا خاص مضمون تھا، امام غزالی ؒ کے فلسفۂ اخلاق پرانگریزی میں اُن کی ضخیم کتاب چند سال ہوئے یونیورسٹی کی طرف سے شائع ہوئی ہے۔بلاکے ذہین، بہترین منتظم،بے نفس وبے ریا، مجّسم خلوص، پیکرِ وضع داری، اور نہایت سادہ اوربے تکلّف! راقم الحروف سے دیرینہ اور بڑے مخلصانہ تعلقات تھے، یونیورسٹی سے ملازمت کے تعلق کے اعتبارسے مرحوم اس چمن کی پرانی بہار کی آخری نشانی تھے۔ ’’خدا بخشے بہت سی خوبیاں تھیں مرنے والے میں‘‘۔ [ستمبر ۱۹۶۴ء]
The history of the prisoners of war is as old as the history of wars. The prisoners of war have been kept since old times. Before Islam there were only two kinds of treatment of prisoners of war. Either they were killed or made slaves. But Islam created many new ways for them which include: exchange of prisoners, ransom, gratuitous release and making them tax payers. And these options were used so as to allow them greater chance of winning freedom. All these options were being opted during the era of Holy Prophet SAW and later on carried out by Khulafa e Rashideen (RA) and other Muslim rulers. Whereas the killing of prisoners of war was limited to solid and irrefutable causes as exceptional cases. Furthermore the enslavement of prisoners was only opted as reciprocity. Both the above mentioned situations are not established rule in Islam. That's why there is no mention of these two options in Holy Quran. In this research paper all these options have been critically examined and researched. The arguments and references have been taken from Holy Quran and Hadith along with the sayings of Sahaba (RA), the practices of Muslim rulers and the judgments of Islamic jurists in this regard.
Streptokinase (SK) is protein excreted by strains of β-hemolytic Streptococci. It is applied as treatment of life-threatening diseases thrombosed arteriovenous shunts, and thromboembolism. Streptokinase is naturally produced by several bacterial strains especially Streptococci. In connection with its broad application in the field of medicine, there is an urgent need to search for methods of its hyper production. Present study aimed at SK hyper production by mutagenesis of S. equisimilis strain. The wild bacterial strain S. equisimilis was subjected to random mutagenesis (UV irradiation and Ethidium bromide) for enhanced streptokinase production. The modified strain was assessed for the activity of streptokinase. The mutant S. equisimilis UV6 showed the maximum SK production and activity. By standardizing the effects of different factors like substrate (CSL), carbon source, salt concentration, temperature and pH an optimum fermentation protocol for SK production was established. The higher SK production was observed in mutant strain UV6 601 U mL-1 with increased activity up to 400 %. The SK was purified and its kinetics data indicated improved activity as its Km value was low as compared to wild SK. The SK gene from mutant UV6 was amplified and cloned in E. coli using pTZ57R/T vector. The gene was sequenced and compared with the wild SK gene to check the genetic difference between wild and mutant strain. In our study, the comparative sequence analysis revealed 26 point mutations, among these 3 were transitions (A to G) while the remaining 23 were transversions (A/G to C/T) in coding region of sk gene. Moreover, 3 amino acid deletions at the C terminal region of SK protein were predicted due to non-sense mutation in coding region (resulting in a stop codon after residue 437). The activity of any protein is direcly linked with amino acid composision. in our studies, the in-silico analyses predicted that amino acid residues at position 22, 62, 64 and 80 could be accountable in SK hyperactivity.