Metabolic Syndrome is an entity characterized by central obesity, fasting raised glucose, lipid disorders, raised blood pressure and insulin resistance. All these features coexist together and lead to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular complications. Rapid urbanization, modernization and growth in population in developing countries have led to an increase in non-communicable diseases including Metabolic Syndrome. Over the last 20 years, there has been prominent increase in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. High prevalence is a worldwide trend and available data indicates that 28% to 30% of adult population in most countries can be labeled as having Metabolic Syndrome. The prevalence in Pakistan is between 18% and 46%. This study was conducted on 300 subjects (150 control and 150 having Metabolic Syndrome according to International Diabetes Federation criteria) including males and females aged from 20 to 40 years to detect Metabolic Syndrome with different easily available routine markers like anthropometric (body mass index, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, body fat percentage, visceral fat level and neck circumference), biochemical (serum uric acid, serum insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin), inflammatory and adipokine including white blood cell count,high sensitivity C reactive protein and serum chemerin. The objective of current study was to find out significant marker for prediction of Metabolic Syndrome. The data were analyzed on SPSS version 22.0. The results of this study showed significantly increased levels of body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, neck circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body fat percentage and visceral fat level in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome when compared to controls, both in males and females with p value < 0.0001. Biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum uric acid, glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and homeostasis model assessment Insulin resistance were also found significantly increased in subjects of Metabolic Syndrome when compared with controls while high density lipoprotein cholesterol was found significantly decreased in Metabolic Syndrome subjects compared to controls. Adipokine and inflammatory parameters like chemerin, white blood cell count and high sensitivity C reactive protein were significantly increased in Metabolic Syndrome subject when compared with controls. Anthropometric measurements like body mass index, hip circumference, waist hip ratio and visceral fat level were highly correlated with components of Metabolic Syndrome. Furthermore, among Inflammatory, adipokine and Biochemical Parameters, serum uric acid, chemerin, high sensitivity C reactive protein and white blood cell counts were highly correlated with component of Metabolic Syndrome. When correlation analysis was further carried on gender basis, it was found that body mass index, hip circumference and visceral fat level among males were more correlated with components of Metabolic Syndrome as compared to females, whereas, waist hip ratio among females was more correlated with Metabolic Syndrome. Moreover, serum uric acid, high sensitivity C reactive protein and white blood cell count were more correlated with Metabolic Syndrome among males as compared to female. However, chemerin was highly correlated among both male and female. Among anthropometric parameters body mass index, neck circumference and visceral fat level were most prominent risks for Metabolic Syndrome. And among inflammatory, adipokine and biochemical parameters except white blood cell count all parameter were good risks for Metabolic Syndrome. When logistic regression analysis was applied gender-wise it was observed that odds ratio of female body mass index (5.037, p<0.0001) was higher than body mass index (4.59, p<0.0001) of male participants. Whereas, neck circumference and visceral fat level odds ratio were higher for males as compared to females. Moreover, for serum uric acid and serum insulin odds ratio were higher among female and for chemerin and high sensitivity C reactive protein odds ratio among males were higher. Among anthropometric measurements on Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis body mass index (Area Under Curve, 98.90%) and visceral fat level (Area Under Curve, 99.70%) were shown as best predictors and among inflammatory, adipokine and biochemical markers chemerin (Area Under Curve, 99.98%), serum insulin (Area Under Curve, 99.20%) and high sensitivity C reactive protein (Area Under Curve, 98.50%) were most highlighted markers. Moreover, gender-wise it was identified that there was not much difference among sensitivity, specificity and cut off values of body mass index, hip circumference and visceral fat level, however, cut off value for body fat percentage for females were higher than males and cut off value of neck circumference for male was higher than female. Moreover, cut off values of serum uric acid, chemerin and serum insulin among female were higher than male. After correlation, regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis it was concluded that body mass index (cut-off 24.3 kg/m2 in males and 24.01 kg/m2 in females) and visceral fat level (9.5 in males and 8.5 in females) are the most prominent markers while chemerin ( cut-off 40.05 ng/dl in males and44.3 ng/dl in females) and high sensitivity C reactive protein (cut-off 4.45 mg/L in males and 3.5 mg/L in females) were the most prominent predictors for development of Metabolic Syndrome in both sexes. Further Research is needed with inclusion of more and newly introduced anthropometric, adipokine and inflammatory markers on large scale to cope with rising number of Metabolic Syndrome subjects to reduce the cost of health expenses.
مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں شروانی افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ نواب صدریار جنگ مولانا حبیب الرحمن خاں صاحب شروانی نے۸۶سال کی عمر میں وفات پائی۔۱۸۵۷ء کے ہنگامے کے بعد جن اکابر علم وادب نے اس ملک میں مسلمانوں کی نشاۃ ثانیہ کاسروسامان کیا تھا مولاناان کے زمرہ میں ایک نوجوان رفیق کی حیثیت سے شامل تھے اس لیے انھوں نے اس دور کی بہار سامانیاں خوداپنی آنکھ سے دیکھی تھیں اور اپنی خداداد صلاحیت وقابلیت سے کام لے کر ان کی تعمیر وترقی میں خود بھی عملی حصہ لیا تھا۔ مسلم یوینورسٹی علی گڑھ، ندوۃ العلما، دارالمصنفین اعظم گڑھ، مسلم ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس، دارالعلوم دیوبند،حیدرآباد کامحکمہ امور مذہبی،یہ سب ادارے مرحوم کی اصلاحی و تدبیری کاوشوں اورگوناگوں ہمدردانہ دلچسپیوں کے جولانگاہ تھے۔دولت زرکی بہتات کے ساتھ دولت علم وفضل سے بھی مالا مال تھے۔ مرحوم کاکتب خانہ ہندوستان کاایک بہترین کتب خانہ تھا جہاں ریسرچ اسکالر آکر مطالعہ وتحقیق کی تشنگی بجھاتے تھے۔ کتابوں کی حفاظت ونگرانی اوران کی ترتیب وفہرست سازی کا خاص اہتمام کرتے تھے۔ ذوق مطالعہ کایہ عالم تھا کہ ضعف ونقاہت اوربیماری کے باوجود روزانہ پندرہ گھنٹے کتب خانہ میں پابندی کے ساتھ بیٹھتے اورمطالعہ کرتے تھے۔ متعدد کتابیں اوربہتیرے مقالات بھی ان کے قلم سے نکلے،اردو کے صاحب طرز ادیب تھے۔فارسی اورعربی شعروادب کاشگفتہ ذوق رکھتے تھے۔ دین داری اورمذہبی شعائر وآداب کااحترام ان کی فطرت تھی۔ اخلاق و عادات، طورواطوار کے لحاظ سے اب سے ڈھائی تین سو برس پہلے کی اسلامی تہذیب و شرافت کازندہ نمونہ تھے،خودداری کے ساتھ ملنساری،تمکنت کے ساتھ ارباب علم وادب کے ساتھ انکساری ان کی طبیعت کاجوہر تھا۔ انھوں نے اپنے علم وفضل سے بھی خلق خدا کوفیض پہنچایا اور دولت و ثروت سے بھی،ان چند درچند خصوصیات وکمالات کے جامع ہونے کے اعتبار سے مرحوم مسلمانوں کے اس دور میمون و مبارک کی یادگار تھے...
There is gape in students of Islamic Institutes and Institutes of higher education in the world. The students of Islamic Universities well aware about Islam and its teachings. They have strong beliefs in it. While the students of higher educational institutes other than Islamic have no idea and have no enough knowledge about Islam and its beliefs. There is dire need for reconciliation in this regard. This research paper tries to explore Importance and need to adopt the way of Da’wa of the Holy Prophet in Makki era in order to improve the beliefs of University students. Way and expectative results.
The main objective of the present research work was to explore the potentially unique properties and possible synergistic effect in supported bimetallic catalysts which were synthesized in two stages by adopting simple route. γ-Al2O3 granules were selected as a support material and prepared by sol gel process followed by oil drop method for granulation purpose. Co was chosen as low cost, basic metal and four noble metals (M): Ir, Ru. Pt, and Pd were selected as promoters. Four series of γ-Al2O3 supported bimetallic catalysts, (CoMx/γ-Al2O3) were synthesized via wet impregnation by loading ~ 20 wt% of Co metal and 0-5 wt% of promoter metals onto γ-Al2O3 in each series. On the basis of mole fraction (x) of promoter metals, the catalyst series were named as CoIrx/γ-Al2O3, CoRux/γ-Al2O3, CoPtx/γ-Al2O3, and CoPdx/γ-Al2O3. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with EDX analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface area analysis, and temperature programmed reduction/oxidation (TPR/TPO) processes. In order to explore the diverse role, the synthesized catalysts were applied for hydrogen generation from two model reactions i.e., catalytic decomposition of hydrazine in a self-designed reactor and electro-oxidation of hydrazine by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The catalytic decomposition of hydrazine (0.5 M) was performed at 25 oC and volume of gaseous products (H2+N2) was measured by a gravimetric water displacement method. The catalytic efficiency was evaluated in terms of turn over frequency (TOF) and selectivity (X) towards hydrogen generation. The optimal composition from each series was selected on the basis of activity and selectivity. Hydrazine decomposition reaction was further tested at various temperatures and activation energy (Ea) values were calculated from the kinetic profiles using Arrhenius equation. In particular, the kinetic studies depicted an increase in rate of hydrogen generation with an increase in temperature up to 65 oC. The effect of support was also studied by loading the selected optimal composition on various supports including MgO, ZnO, SiO2, and zeolite; (γ-Al2O3 proved to be the best iv support candidate). For electrochemical studies, glassy carbon electrode was modified with each catalyst powder by drop-casting and used for investigating electro-oxidation of hydrazine analyte in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2). Cyclic voltammetry was performed to elucidate the redox behavior of synthesized electroactive materials. A linear current-voltage response was observed on the modified electrodes in each catalyst series. The stability and reproducibility of all the catalytic materials was substantiated by the catalytic activity as measured in many successive cycles. All bimetallic catalysts showed potentiality for hydrogen generation and electrochemical applications. The combination of high TOF and selectivity for hydrogen generation as well as prominent current response in CV studies rendered CoIr0.081/γ-Al2O3, CoRu0.11/γ-Al2O3, CoPt0.034/γ-Al2O3, and CoPd0.093/γ-Al2O3 catalysts as optimal compositions in respective series. Out of these optimal compositions, CoPt0.034/γ-Al2O3 bimetallic catalyst exhibited maximum performance for hydrogen generation from hydrazine decomposition as well as for electro-oxidation of hydrazine. CoPt0.034/γ-Al2O3 catalyst presented 100% H2 selectivity with TOF of 190 h-1, and activation energy of 29 kJ mol-1. All bimetallic catalysts also showed robust electrocatalysis and presented good peak current response for electro-oxidation of hydrazine. These results reflected better alloying effect between Co and Pt metals in addition to presence of more active sites and better metal dispersion. The electroanalytical activity was in the order of: CoPt0.034/γ-Al2O3 > CoPd0.093/γ-Al2O3 > CoIr0.081/γ-Al2O3 > CoRu0.11/γ-Al2O3, with peak current values of 183.2 μA, 59.4 μA, 50.3 μA, and 46.1 μA, respectively. The maximum performance of the optimal catalysts can be attributed to tuning of catalyst’s properties by synergistic effect of two metals, better metal dispersion, metal-support interactions besides the excellent features of γ-Al2O3 granular support as confirmed by XRD, H2 chemisorption, BET, SEM, TEM, TPR and TPO analyses. In addition, noble metals in low contents promoted the activity and selectivity tremendously, and were quite suitable for making the process cost effective for selective decomposition of hydrazine, a toxic material into clean future energy fuel (H2 + N2).