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Home > Comparative Study on Different Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Population of Sindh Pakistan

Comparative Study on Different Markers of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Population of Sindh Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Shaikh, Safdar Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physiology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12250/1/Safdar%20Thesis%20hanif%20bhai.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724565339

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Metabolic Syndrome is an entity characterized by central obesity, fasting raised glucose, lipid disorders, raised blood pressure and insulin resistance. All these features coexist together and lead to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular complications. Rapid urbanization, modernization and growth in population in developing countries have led to an increase in non-communicable diseases including Metabolic Syndrome. Over the last 20 years, there has been prominent increase in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. High prevalence is a worldwide trend and available data indicates that 28% to 30% of adult population in most countries can be labeled as having Metabolic Syndrome. The prevalence in Pakistan is between 18% and 46%. This study was conducted on 300 subjects (150 control and 150 having Metabolic Syndrome according to International Diabetes Federation criteria) including males and females aged from 20 to 40 years to detect Metabolic Syndrome with different easily available routine markers like anthropometric (body mass index, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, body fat percentage, visceral fat level and neck circumference), biochemical (serum uric acid, serum insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin), inflammatory and adipokine including white blood cell count,high sensitivity C reactive protein and serum chemerin. The objective of current study was to find out significant marker for prediction of Metabolic Syndrome. The data were analyzed on SPSS version 22.0. The results of this study showed significantly increased levels of body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, neck circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body fat percentage and visceral fat level in subjects with Metabolic Syndrome when compared to controls, both in males and females with p value < 0.0001. Biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum uric acid, glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and homeostasis model assessment Insulin resistance were also found significantly increased in subjects of Metabolic Syndrome when compared with controls while high density lipoprotein cholesterol was found significantly decreased in Metabolic Syndrome subjects compared to controls. Adipokine and inflammatory parameters like chemerin, white blood cell count and high sensitivity C reactive protein were significantly increased in Metabolic Syndrome subject when compared with controls. Anthropometric measurements like body mass index, hip circumference, waist hip ratio and visceral fat level were highly correlated with components of Metabolic Syndrome. Furthermore, among Inflammatory, adipokine and Biochemical Parameters, serum uric acid, chemerin, high sensitivity C reactive protein and white blood cell counts were highly correlated with component of Metabolic Syndrome. When correlation analysis was further carried on gender basis, it was found that body mass index, hip circumference and visceral fat level among males were more correlated with components of Metabolic Syndrome as compared to females, whereas, waist hip ratio among females was more correlated with Metabolic Syndrome. Moreover, serum uric acid, high sensitivity C reactive protein and white blood cell count were more correlated with Metabolic Syndrome among males as compared to female. However, chemerin was highly correlated among both male and female. Among anthropometric parameters body mass index, neck circumference and visceral fat level were most prominent risks for Metabolic Syndrome. And among inflammatory, adipokine and biochemical parameters except white blood cell count all parameter were good risks for Metabolic Syndrome. When logistic regression analysis was applied gender-wise it was observed that odds ratio of female body mass index (5.037, p<0.0001) was higher than body mass index (4.59, p<0.0001) of male participants. Whereas, neck circumference and visceral fat level odds ratio were higher for males as compared to females. Moreover, for serum uric acid and serum insulin odds ratio were higher among female and for chemerin and high sensitivity C reactive protein odds ratio among males were higher. Among anthropometric measurements on Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis body mass index (Area Under Curve, 98.90%) and visceral fat level (Area Under Curve, 99.70%) were shown as best predictors and among inflammatory, adipokine and biochemical markers chemerin (Area Under Curve, 99.98%), serum insulin (Area Under Curve, 99.20%) and high sensitivity C reactive protein (Area Under Curve, 98.50%) were most highlighted markers. Moreover, gender-wise it was identified that there was not much difference among sensitivity, specificity and cut off values of body mass index, hip circumference and visceral fat level, however, cut off value for body fat percentage for females were higher than males and cut off value of neck circumference for male was higher than female. Moreover, cut off values of serum uric acid, chemerin and serum insulin among female were higher than male. After correlation, regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis it was concluded that body mass index (cut-off 24.3 kg/m2 in males and 24.01 kg/m2 in females) and visceral fat level (9.5 in males and 8.5 in females) are the most prominent markers while chemerin ( cut-off 40.05 ng/dl in males and44.3 ng/dl in females) and high sensitivity C reactive protein (cut-off 4.45 mg/L in males and 3.5 mg/L in females) were the most prominent predictors for development of Metabolic Syndrome in both sexes. Further Research is needed with inclusion of more and newly introduced anthropometric, adipokine and inflammatory markers on large scale to cope with rising number of Metabolic Syndrome subjects to reduce the cost of health expenses.
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۳۔اخلاقی و معاملاتی تفہیم میں استفہامی اسلوب

۔اخلاقی  و معاملاتی تفہیم میں استفہامی اسلوب

 قرآن مجید میں اللہ تعالیٰ نے متعدد مقامات پر انسان کی زندگی میں پیش آنے والے تمام امور کی طرف رہنمائی فرمائی ہے۔ چنانچہ قرآن مجید میں مومنین کی صفات بیان کرتے ہوئے فرمایا ہے کہ مومن لوگ عدل،اخوت، مساوات،دیانتداری،ایفائے عہد،سچ، وفاشعاری، امانتداری،ایثار الغرض زندگی کے ہر شعبے میں کتاب اللہ اور سنت رسول کے مطابق زندگی بسر کرتے ہیں، لیکن دوسری طرف شیطان ان بندوں کو ورغلاتا ہے، لہذا مومنین کو شیطانی ہتھکنڈوں سے آگاہ کرتے ہوئے استفہامی انداز میں بازرہنے کا حکم دیا گیا ہے۔

۱-سورة المآئدہ میں ارشادِ باری ربانی ہے:

"إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ ٱلشَّيْطَانُ أَن يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ ٱلْعَدَاوَةَ وَٱلْبَغْضَآءَ فِى ٱلْخَمْرِ وَٱلْمَيْسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمْ عَن ذِكْرِ ٱللَّهِ وَعَنِ ٱلصَّلاَةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُّنتَهُونَ"۔ [[1]]

"شیطان تو یہی چاہتا ہے کہ تمہارے درمیان شراب اور جوئے کے ذریعے سے دشمنی اور بغض ڈال دے اور تم کو اللہ کی یاد اور نماز سے روکے،پس کیا تم باز آؤ گے؟"۔

شیطان یہ چاہتا ہے کہ تمہیں شراب اور جوئے میں مبتلا کر کے تمھارے درمیان بغض و عداوت کی بنیادیں ڈال دے کیونکہ شراب کے نشے میں عقل نہیں رہتی گالی گلوچ ، دنگا فساد ہو جاتا ہےاور انسان غیظ و غضب کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے اسی طرح جوئے میں انسان اپنی ہار مان کر اس وقت تو نقصان اٹھا لیتا ہے مگر اپنے حریف پر غیظ و غضب اسکے لازمی اثرات میں سے ہیں۔یہ چیزیں نماز سے غافل کر دیتیں ہیں اللہ سے غافل،بے نماز کی آخرت تباہ اور روح مردہ ہے خلاف اس شخص کے جس کا دل اللہ کی یاد سے روشن اور نماز سے منور ہے،دنیا کے مال و...

Shrinking Civic Space in Pakistan: Response and Strategies of the Civil Society

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Impact of Tillage Practices and Sowing Methods on Productivity of Wheat- Mungbean Cropping System

A series of field experiments were conducted at the research farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan during 2009-10 and 2010-2011, to investigate the effects of different tillage practices and sowing methods on productivity of wheat and mungbean cropping system on silty clay loam soil. The factors consisted of tillage practices i.e. tine cultivator twice plowed (TC2), chisels plow followed by rotovator (CR), mouldboard plow followed by rotovator (MR) , disk plow followed by rotovator (DR) and tine cultivator followed by rotovator (TCR) in the main plots and sowing methods i.e. sowing with single box seed drill (SD), combined drill (CD) and broadcast (BC) in the sub plots. The performance of different tillage implements during seedbed preparation in term of soil depth of cut, wheel slippage, fuel consumption and effective field capacity were statistically significant. Maximum soil moisture content at 20 and 40 cm depth recorded with CR and MR tillage practices, while maximum soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, at 20 and 40 cm depth, fresh and dry weed biomass were obtained in plots tilled with tine cultivator twice (TC-2). However, minimum soil penetration resistance and fresh/ dry weed biomass were obtained in plots of CR and MR tillage practices, respectively. Higher soil moisture content at 20 and 40 cm depth was observed when sowing was done with seed drill and combined drill, respectively. Data regarding wheat crop indicated that higher number of tillers m -2 (403) and grain yield (4.6 t ha -1 ) were obtained in plots tilled with disk plow followed by rotavator. Similarly, maximum biological yield (10.4 t ha -1 ) was recorded in plots that were tilled with mouldboard plow followed by rotavator. Sowing by combined seed drill resulted in higher emergence, number of tillers, straw yield and biological yield. Similarly, higher number of grains spike -1 , spike length, grain yield and harvest indices were recorded when sowing was done with seed drill. Maximum total nitrogen in soil was noted in plots tilled with tine cultivator followed by rotavator. Similarly, sowing by seed drill and combine drill recorded greater total nitrogen in soil and wheat straw. The data relating to mungbean crop indicated that chisel plow followed by rotavator resulted in higher soil moisture content at 20 and 40 cm depths, higher emergence m -2 , plant height, pod length and total nitrogen in grains. Plots tilled with tine cultivator twice delayed flowering and maturity, increase in fresh and dry weed biomass, soil bulk density at 20 and 40 cm depth and soil penetration resistance at 20 and 40 cm depths. Number of branch plant -1 , pods plant -1 , biological yield, soil total nitrogen were higher in plots tilled with moldboard plow followed by rotavator. The maximum grain yield of mungbean and soil organic matter were recorded in plots tilled with tine cultivator followed by rotavator. Similarly, maximum harvest indices and total nitrogen in straw were recorded in plots tilled with disk plow followed by rotavator. Higher emergence, plant height, pod length, hundred grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest xxiindices, total soil nitrogen, and total nitrogen in mungbean grain and straw were recorded in plots sown with seed drill. Plots sown with broadcast method delayed flowering and maturity, increase fresh and dry weed biomass and greater soil bulk density at 20 and 40 cm depths. Number of branch plant -1 , pods plant -1 , soil organic matter and total nitrogen in soil were greater in plots that were sown with a combined seed drill. Economic analysis of wheat and mungbean showed that maximum net revenue of wheat was obtained with mouldboard plow followed by rotavator (MR) tillage practices and the highest net revenue of mungbean was found with tine cultivator followed by rotavator (TCR) while minimum net revenue were obtained with tine cultivator (TC-2). Similarly, sowing by seed drill (SD) and combine drill (CD) resulted in maximum net revenue as compared to broadcast (BC) sowing method. It is concluded from the studies that all tillage implements when followed by rotavator for seedbed preparation resulted better yield and net economic revenue from wheat and mungbean crops as compared to the sole used of tine cultivator plowed twice. Similarly sowing by seed drill and combined drill showed a higher grain yield and net revenue than broadcast methods.