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Conceptualizing Abstract Chemical Concepts With Level of Thought at Secondary School Level in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Sarfraz Ahmed

Program

PhD

Institute

Foundation University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/2021

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724568405

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This study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of two instructional methods (i.e. Johnstone’s three-cycle instructional method and traditional instructional method) in the teaching of chemistry. Johnstone conceptualized that if chemistry concepts are made distinct and represented at three levels, are helpful in the meaningful learning. The main objectives of the study were to compare the relative effectiveness of these two instructional methods on the student learning and achievement. This experiment was carried out for the period of twenty two weeks in the chemistry classroom and laboratory of Federal Government Boys Model School F-8/3 Islamabad. Seventy-six science students of class ninth were randomly selected for the experiment. The design conceptualized for the study was the “posttest –only equivalent group design”. The research study had two groups i.e. experimental and control. Both the groups were equalized on the basis of eighth class science achievement scores. Different tools used to collect data were; multitier formative tools and a summative achievement tool. Experimental group was taught through Johnstone’s instructional method and the control group was taught through the traditional instructional method. Formative assessment was also made by the formative assessment tools. The achievement of the students in the chemistry theory and practical was measured by the summative tests called posttest theory and posttest practical. During the study the traditional formative assessments were also administered. The instruments constructed were validated. Data collected were analyzed and given the shape of mean scores. In order to compare the mean scores of the experimental and the control group, t-test was applied. The analysis of the data revealed that Johnstone’s instructional method was more effective than the traditional instructional method because the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group. Important information revealed was that the traditional measures of assessment were not suitable for the assessment of meaningful learning. Qualitative assessment mode was suitable for meaningful learning because these are not meant for the assessment of rote learning. The study demanded that learning and the way of assessment need to be matched. The study emphasized that the examination system of Pakistan needs to be re-evaluated and Johnstone’s instructional method be applied in chemistry classrooms in Pakistan and laboratories need to be improved for effective learning of chemistry.
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جد دا ڈٹھا اپنا آپ

جد دا ڈٹھا اپنا آپ
سانوں دِسدا نہیں اے پاپ
کیہڑا ناصح دانش یار
دیوے رات ہجر دی ناپ
مشکل ویلے بھل نہ ویکھ
ساڈی رکھیں یار سیاپ
جھوٹیاں نوں توں سچ نہ جان
سچ دا توں پھر راگ الاپ
کر خدمت توں اس دی پھیر
جیہڑا تیرا مائی باپ
جے توں رہنا غیراں نال
سانوں موڑیں ساڈی چھاپ

INVESTIGATING THE BINGE-WATCHING BEHAVIOR ON INSOMNIA AND OBESITY AMONG GENERATION Z

Background and Aims: The study identified the risks of increased screen time on generation z considering two parameters i.e., insomnia and obesity and the moderating role of self-control. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted by convenient sampling technique. The survey only included people who were born between 1997 and 2002. The analysis of the effects of variables took into account only a few parameters.  Discriminant validity and convergent validity was used to check reliability and validity while path coefficient analyzed the hypothesis. Results: Binge-watching has positive significant impact on insomnia and obesity (p<0.05), and the self-control strongly effect the relationship of binge-watching, obesity and insomnia as a moderator (p<0.05). Conclusion: Binge-watching caused insomnia and obesity while self-control in direct relation to obesity and insomnia controlled the prevalence rate. The moderating role of self-control showed that insufficiency of self-control during binge-watching led to obesity and insomnia. The outcome indicated that Generation Z needs to be encouraged to practice self-control through public health initiatives, social media, seminars, workshops, etc. At the same time, people need to be made aware of how binge-watching affects their health. Keywords: Insomnia, obesity, self-control, screen time, technology, mortality, exercise.

Region Growing Approach for Segmentation of Brain Mri Images

This thesis aims to understand low level segmentation and quantification aspects of brain MR slices purely from imaging perspective. In this context we propose two fully automatic and novel preprocessing techniques for improvement in low level segmentation. At first place we propose a novel method for cerebrum localization which reduces extraneous information from brain MR slices significantly. Up to our best knowledge no one used this cerebrum extraction approach before. Secondly a novel polygonal seed selection procedure is suggested and preferred over histogram peaks method in the absence of prior to improve initial conditions for region growing. In addition to this we present a generalized conceptual framework for region growing segmentation designed through exhaustive region growing literature review. Extensive qualitative results have been shown over full brain MR volume for segmentation. The quantification aspect is also attempted to compare segmentation results with available ground truth. Ten T1-Weighted (voxel size: 1 mm3; dimensions: 181 x 217 x 181) Normal brain phantom datasets with varying noise and inhomogeneity along-with true anatomical model have been downloaded from McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University and are subject to low level segmentation using Otsu’s method, Seeded Region Growing Method (SRG), Watershed Transformation and K-Means Clustering. The preprocessing strategies with respect to brain MR images include intensity normalization, local histogram smoothing, non-local mean (NLM) filtering and cerebrum localization. To demonstrate cerebrum extraction over full brain MR volume the Otsu’s method along with hill down optimization is used which neatly separates the four tissue classes in brain MR slices, namely Background (BG), Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), Gray Matter (GM) and White matter (WM). This initial Otsu’s segmentation along with novel polygonal seed selection scheme puts global information into service to improve initial conditions for seeded region growing (SRG). The polygonal seeds idea is also experimented with watershed segmentation and K-Means clustering of brain MR images showing clear improvement in initial conditions but more work needs to be done with geometrical foreground markers and seeds. Confusion matrix analysis shows that Otsu’s algorithm fails to segment CSF pixels especially when noise level is increased. In comparison to Otsu’s segmentation region growing always identify CSF pixels with an accuracy of around 30% to 50% over entire brain MR volume. Otsu’s method identifies GM and WM pixels most of the time with an accuracy of 88% to 99% percent while region growing capacity to classify these pixels ranges from 60% and 90% respectively. Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) for CSF, GM and WM volume densities of ten subjects comes out 1.1%, 3.3% and 3.3% respectively from Otsu’s Segmentation while it is 3.8%, 6.2% and 5.1 % from region growing results for single subject. In terms of volume density these normal brain phantom data sets contain highest GM density, then WM density and least volume is occupied by CSF voxels.