ترجمہ کی اصطلاحات
ٹارگٹ لینگوئج:
وہ زبان جس میں ترجمہ کیا جارہا ہے۔
سورس لینگوئج:
اصل زبان جس سے متن لیا جارہاہے۔
مثال:
میاں محمدبخش کی سیف الملوک پنجابی میں ہے تو اس کی سورس لینگوئج پنجابی ہے اور اگر اسے اردو میں ترجمہ کرنا ہے تو ٹارگٹ لینگوئج اردو ہے۔
ٹرانسلیٹریشن:Transliteration
زبان وہی ہو اور رسم الخط دوسرا ہو۔
ٹرانس میوٹیشن Transmutation :
زبان کو کسی نظام کی شکل دینا۔ جیسے تحریری طور پر لکھا ہو کہ سگریٹ نوشی منع ہے تو اس کو تصویری نظام کے ذریعے سے ظاہر کرنا
ٹرانسکرپشن Transcription :
مخصوص اشاروں سے صوتی، معنوی اور لفظی جہت کو ظاہر کرنا
ترجمہ نگاری کے اصول:
• ترجمہ نگار کو ٹارگٹ لینگوئج اور سورس لینگوئج کے بارے میں آگاہی ہونی چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے تلفظ اور معانی سے آشنائی ہونی چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے رموز واوقاف کا پتہ ہونا چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کی اصطلاحات سے واقفیت ضروری ہے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے محاورات اور ضرب الامثال سے واقفیت رکھنا ضروری ہے۔
• اصل مفہوم پہنچانے کی کوشش کرنی چاہیئے۔
• سیاق و سباق اور مصنف کے مزاج کو سامنے رکھنا بہت ضروری ہے۔
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Islamic concept about Jihad is very different as what is interpreted by the western scholars. This Jihad is not only the name of giving just his own life but to a specific purpose, which is only to create peace and to prevent cruelty and injustice in the society. There are several verses of Quran and Hadith, which explore this concept, but Islam also regulates the rules and regulation for this. To explain the misconception about Jihad, some points have been explored in this research article to guide the people effectively that how jihad should be conducted, while other activities named as “jihad” and an activist intending to take part in such activities might not be counted as a “martyr”. So the important points to be kept in mind are: · In Islam the martyr has a very great value, but in specific terms. · Martyr in Islam is not simply means of giving life. · There are some rules and regulations that must to be followed, i. E., a person must be a Muslim and his intention is only for Allah, and not for his worldly desires, and he follow the rules what Islam justified for the war. · His jihad will not be accepted without the permission of his parents or if he dies in the state of sin etc. · Islam does not allow killing innocent persons, Muslims or non-Muslims, without caring the color and caste, if he does so he would be answerable to Allah.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) locally called as Til is an important conventional and industrial oil seed crop in Pakistan and is mainly cultivated on marginal lands in the rain feed and irrigated areas throughout the country. Pakistan ranks fourteenth among major sesame producing countries in the world. Pakistan is facing a chronic shortage in edible oil and the situation is getting serious with alarmingly explosions of population. Its indigenous production is below the utilization level and there exists wide gap between production and utilization. However, its production is declining due to prevalence of several biotic and abiotic factors. Among the biotic factors, bacterial blight incited by Xanthomonas campestris (pamel) Dowson sesami (Sabet and Dowson, 1960) Dye (Xcs) is most serious and devastating disease and responsible for colossal losses and frequently complete failure of crop. The appears on young as well as adult plants, and produce extensive blight on the foliage, stem and petioles, resulting in defoliation collapse of tissue and sterility of flowers. The pathogen is responsible for sesame production constraints during monsoon season. Despite the shortage of edible oil, no profound efforts have been made on this important oil seed crop with reference to diseases. At present, the disease has become a limiting factor and a serious impediment to successful production of sesame in Pakistan. To handle the shortage of edible oil, there was an urgent need to explore the basic information on host pathogen interaction. The present work consisted of four experiments. The first study was the monitoring of the disease. The disease had been established in some fields of Punjab xix province from the past 25 years where repeated outbreaks of the disease were being observed during monsoon season each year. Most of the farmers were not certain about bacterial blight symptomology and its casual organism. Most of the commercial varieties used by farmers were imported whose disease resistant information was not known. Bacterial blight was found in areas where diverse soil, pH, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The severity of the disease depends on the amount of the rainfall. The sowing dates had a significant influence on the % incidence of the bacterial blight of sesame. The incidence of the disease decreases with delay of sowing dates. The second study was conducted to the pathogen was isolated from different parts of the infected plants including stem, twigs and seeds using different media as nutrient agar, yeast dextrose agar, yeast dextrose calcium carbonate agar and colonial behavior of the isolates were recorded by exposing these at different temperatures, hypersensitive responses and pathogenicity were also performed. It was also recorded that an approximate temperature of 28oC with relative humidity 85-95 % and rainfall enhance the pathogenic infestation. The third study was production of polyclonal antibodies. The polyclonal antibody was produced in a rabbit. It was tested against homologous antigen (host antigen) etc., ELISA kit was developed which could be used for large scale screening of germplasm. The forth study was conducted large scale screening of sesame genotypes identified resistant resources to be utilized by the breeder in the evaluation of disease resistant varieties leading to increase in production and substantial benefits to the farmers. It is hoped that present studies will provide basis for improved prediction and diagnosis together with formulation of management strategies preferably breeding for long lasting resistance against this disease.