Home > Corrective Feedback in L2 Learning: A Comparative Effectiveness of Oral & Written Corrective Feedback Strategies for Urdu Efl Learners L2 Accuracy
Corrective Feedback in L2 Learning: A Comparative Effectiveness of Oral & Written Corrective Feedback Strategies for Urdu Efl Learners L2 Accuracy
The present study is designed to find the comparative effectiveness of oral & written corrective feedback strategies for Urdu EFL learners’ L2 Accuracy. In order to investigate the effectiveness of oral corrective feedback and written corrective feedback strategies, a quasi experimental research design with pre test, post test and delayed post test is adopted for this study. For this quasi experimental study, the sampled participants were not randomly assigned to different treatment groups; instead, five intact classes in three different higher secondary schools (composed a total of 113 students) were selected with four experimental groups (OCF-A group N =25, OCF-B group N= 21, WCF-C group N= 21, WCF-D group N = 23) and one control group (N=23). Pre test was conducted in the beginning. Participants in four groups were exposed to one of the CF treatment conditions i.e., oral recast, explicit OCF, indirect WCF and direct WCF but no CF was provided to control group. Every experimental group had seven CF episodes sessions with specified treatment conditions in a period of eight weeks. After that post test was conducted. Whereas, delayed post test was conducted after a period of two weeks. Further, attitudinal questionnaire as a research tool was used to find the attitudes and beliefs of the teachers about the effectiveness of corrective feedback strategies form a sample of 202 English teachers teaching at intermediate level. SPSS (version 20) was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study revealed that all the CF strategies have significant role to create L2 accuracy. However, direct corrective feedback strategy was most effective to create the L2 accuracy. Also, explicit CF strategies were found most effective to create L2 accuracy as compared to implicit CF strategies to create L2 accuracy. It was also examined that CF strategies were with differential effectiveness on different error categories.
اک واری دی گل اے کہ اک جنگل وچ اک طوطا رہندا سی۔ طوطا بہت خوش سی کہ اوس نوں جنگل وچوں کھاون لئی وافر پھل مل جاندے نیں۔ اوہ ایہناں نوں کھاندا تے جنگل دی سیر کردا۔ اک دن اوہ امرود دے درخت اتے بیٹھا امرود کھا رہیا سی کہ اک گالڑ وی اوس درخت اتے چڑھ آندا اے۔ پہلاں اک دوجے دے یار بن جاندے نیں۔ طوطا گالڑ نوں امرود کھواوندا اے تے اپنے گھر آون دی دعوت دیندا اے۔ ایس توں بعد طوطا تے گالڑ اپنے اپنے گھر آ جاندے نیں۔
کئی دناں توں بعد اک دن ہلکے ہلکے بدل آئے ہوئے سن۔ ٹھنڈی ہوا چل رہی سی۔ گالڑ گھر وچ ویہلا سی۔ اوس دے من وچ خیال آیا کہ کیوں نہ اج طوطے دے گھر پھیرا پایا جاوے۔ ایس خیال دے آوندیاں ای اوہ تیار ہو کے طوطے دے گھر اپڑ جاندا اے۔ طوطا اوہنوں اپنے گھر ویکھ کے بہت خوش ہوندا اے تے جی آیاں نوں آکھدا اے۔ جنگل وچوں ہر طرح دے پھل اکٹھا کر کے اوہدی مہمان نوازی کر دا اے۔ گالڑ سب کجھ کھا کے طوطے کولوں گھر واپسی دی اجازت لیندا اے۔ واپسی تے گالڑ طوطے نوں اپنے گھر آون دی دعوت دیندا اے۔ جو طوطا قبول کر لیندا اے۔
کجھ دناں بعد طوطا گالڑ دے گھر جاون دا پروگرام بناندا اے۔ اوہ تیار ہو کے اوہدے گھر جاندا اے۔ اوہدا گھر اک سکی ٹاہلی اتے ہوندا اے۔ گالڑ طوطے نوں خوش آمدید آکھدا اے تے خوشی دا اظہار کردا اے۔ گالڑ کدی ٹاہلی دے اپر چڑھدا اے تے کدی تھلے اتر دا اے۔ طوطا اوہدا ایہہ عمل ویکھ کے ڈاڈا حیران ہوندا اے۔ جدوں بہت وقت لنگھ گیا تاں طوطے نے سوچیا کہ...
The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.
Aim: To determine the influence of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy on the QTC interval amongst HIV-infected patients.
Design: Prospective Comparative survey of two population samples
Patients and Setting: One hundred and thirty ARV naïve and one hundred and thirty treated HIV-positive patients selected from in and out patient departments of Aga Khan University Hospital underwent clinical evaluation and 12 lead resting ECG between August 2008 and March 2009.
Methodology: Eligible HIV-positive patients were conveniently sampled and had a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) performed to determine the QTinterval, corrected for the heart rate by the Bazzet formula. Analysis was then performed to determine the odds of development of a prolonged QTC interval (QTC ≥ 440ms) in the ARV-experienced arm compared to the ARV-naïve arm.
Results: One hundred and thirty patients in each of the two study arms’ had ECG assessment of the QTC interval. 16.2% of the patients in the ARV-experienced arm had QTC prolongation compared to 6.9% in the ARV-naïve arm (chi square 5.43, p= 0.01) giving rise to an odds ratio of 2.5 (95% CI 1.01-6.67).
Conclusion: ARV use significantly increases the risk of development of an acquired long QTC syndrome by two-and-a-half times.