Sustainable development is a new and emerging concept of development. It differs from other indices of human development that ignore environment. It has three dimensions. They are economy, society and environment. It encompasses welfare of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations. The foremost objective of this study was to construct a sustainable development index by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method for 58 developed and developing countries in the period of 2000-2015 and then investigated the determinants of corruption, determinants of governance and determinants of sustainable development. In this study, thirty nine indicators from society, economy and environmental dimensions were selected. The index value ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 shows low sustainable development and 1 shows high sustainable development. The data of indicators used in sustainable development index was taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) and United Nations Organization Statistics (UNO Stat). Corruption was measured by Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and its data was taken from Transparency International (TI). Governance index was measured by four indices of governance by using PCA method. They were regulatory quality, political stability, government effectiveness and voices and accountability. The data of governance index was taken from World Governance Indicators (WGI). The determinants of corruption were explored against governance index, sustainable development index and other control variables. Panel Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) technique was used for exploring the determinants of corruption, determinants of governance and determinants of sustainable development. Further, removing endogeneity and heterogeneity from the model, System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and difference GMM estimation technique was used. The results indicated that sustainable development index, governance index, democratic accountability, law and order and other control variables were significant and have negative impact on corruption. The determinants of governance and its components were checked against corruption, sustainable development, law and order and democratic accountability. The results indicated that corruption has negative, while sustainable development, law and order and democratic accountability have positive impact on governance and its components. The determinants of sustainable development were investigated through corruption, governance, democratic accountability, law and order and other control variables for panel of overall economies, panel of high income and panel of low income viii economies. The results indicated that corruption has negative impact on sustainable development, while governance index and its components, law and order, democratic accountability and political globalization have positive impact on sustainable development. The policy implications from empirical findings of this study are as follows. For reducing corruption, it should improve sustainable development, governance, democratic accountability and law and order. For improving governance, the sustainable development, democratic accountability and law and order should be better, corruption should be reduce for good governance. Finally, for improving sustainable development, corruption should be reduce and governance, democratic accountability, law and order and political globalization should be improve. The future research will be targeted to construct a sustainable development index for all countries of the world and will analyze the impact of corruption and governance on sustainable development.
حکیم عبد النبی شجرطہرانی(۱۹۶۸۔۱۸۷۲) ہمیر پور جموں میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اصل نام عبد النبی اور شجر تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ کے والد دہلی میں طبیب تھے۔۱۹۰۲ء میں آپ نے میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ سے طب کی سند حاصل کی۔(۶۲) ۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے والدین سمیت جموں سے ہجرت کی اور سیالکوٹ میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کی۔ (۶۳) جب شجر میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ میں طالب علم تھے تو اسی دور میں آپ کو حضرت داغ دہلوی سے تلمذ ہوا۔ اس دور میں شجر اپنا کلام داغ دہلوی کو دکھایا کرتے تھے۔(۶۴) شجر سند یافتہ طبیب تھے۔ آپ فوجی ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت سے برطانوی فوج میں شامل ہوئے۔ مولانا جوہر اور مولانا شوکت علی کے ساتھ تحریکِ خلافت کے دوران متعدد جلسوں میں حصہ لیا۔۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے کانگریس کی رکنیت اختیار کی۔ بعد ازاں کانگریس چھوڑ کر مجلسِ احرار میں شامل ہو گئے۔(۶۵) شجر کے عطاء اﷲ شاہ بخاری سے گہرے مراسم تھے جب وہ سیالکوٹ آتے تو شجر کی قیام گاہ پر قیام کرتے۔ شجر نے ۸۰ سال متحرک ادبی زندگی گزاری اور تقریباً ایک لاکھ شعر کہے۔ ان کی باقیات کے پاس ان کے بائیس شعری مسودات محفوظ ہیں لیکن ان کے اکثر مسودے نایاب ہیں اور گم ہو گئے ہیں۔(۶۶) شجر کی زندگی میں ان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’صبرِ جمیل‘‘ ۱۸ اگست ۱۹۲۸ء کو شائع ہوا۔ اس کا مکمل نام مثنوی سرگزشت یتیم المعروف صبرِ جمیل ہے۔ شجر نے اس میں ایک یتیم کی سرگزشت کو اپنے اشعار میں پیش کیا ہے۔ اس میں صبر‘ استقلال و صداقت‘ تقویٰ و ذہانت‘ عصمت دنیاوی‘ انقلابات اور عروج و زوال جیسے مضامین نہایت خوبی سے نبھائے گئے ہیں۔ دوسراشعری مجموعہ ’’زبانِ فطرت‘‘ جو نظموں پر مشتمل ہے، ۱۹۲۹ء کو مقبول عام پریس لاہور سے منشی غلام احمد نے شائع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں خارو گل‘ نسیم و بہار‘ شام و سحر‘ روز و شب اور نورو ظلمات کے تعلق...
When looking at the history of every human civilization, one may find some people or places that go down in history, and their biography does not disappear until God inherits the land and those on it. One of these places is the city of Jerusalem, a city where no two differ on its importance. A city that is home for sanctuaries, history, and monuments and every inch speaks of its greatness. Especially in the history of Islam, which linked it wonderfully to the Qibla of Muslims (the Sacred Mosque) after it was the first Qibla in the history of Islam. This high standing link was perpetuated by the Holy Qur’an in Surat Al-Isra and in many other places. This research has shown its importance to Muslims, the reason Muslims love it and their dedication to defending every single grain of its sand, and how did the esteemed Companions view it? This research spoke about some of the aspects that are related to the personality of our master Omar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, (which are the psychological and educational aspects) while looking at the importance of Jerusalem to him, may God be pleased with him, which existed since pre-Islamic time and how it extended to the time of Islam and has emerged during his caliphate, may God be pleased with him.
The study estimated quantity, expenditure and quality elasticities for major food products in Pakistan and provided comparison of quality effect across regions, provinces and income quintiles using data from the HIES part of PSLM 2007-08 (first period) and 2010-11 (second period). The elasticities of interest were obtained via log-log inverse functional form of Engel equation. Coefficients of parameters (?? , ?? , ?? and ?? ) in most of the selected food items were found statistically significant reflecting that the log-log-inverse (LLI) formulation of the model fit the data well and validate nonlinear behavior of Engel relationship for food consumption in Pakistan. The quantity elasticities during both periods remained less than unity except milk packed in Sindh province with reasonable variations in magnitude across regions, provinces and income quintiles. Compared to the first period, with a few exceptions, quantity elasticities have increased during the second period and were larger at the upper income quintiles relative to the lower ones. In most of the products, quantity elasticities were higher for rural households than urban ones during both the periods. Likewise, expenditure elasticities have increased considerably in Pakistan during the second period compared to the first one for most of the food commodities. A pattern similar to quantity elasticities was also observed in expenditure elasticities across regions, provinces and income quintiles. For most of the products, the estimates of quality elasticities were positive in both the periods implying that households in Pakistan purchase higher quality food as their income rises. During both the periods, the quality elasticities for most of the food items decreased for rural households compared to urban ones. A considerable variability was observed in quality elasticities among provinces and income quintiles in terms of magnitude for various food items. Thus, with the exception of a few products, Pakistani households, in general, not only demand more quantity but also higher quality of food as their income rises. Hence, from the policy point of view, evidence of positive demand for quality food would facilitate devising food policy for the development of food markets in terms of market segmentation and quality improvements in Pakistan. Resultantly, this would be an important driver of food demand and future food projections, with possibility of creating different marketing opportunities, and increased welfare for Pakistani populace. Key Words: Food Consumption, quantity elasticity, expenditure elasticity, quality elasticity, urban/rural households, income quintiles, provinces, Pakistan