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Cost-Effectiveness Comparison of Distance Education in Indonesia, Bangladesh and Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Naheed, Seema

Supervisor

Muhammad Ibrahim Khalid

Program

PhD

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2009

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Education

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/487

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676724579492

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The significant objectives of this study were; to examine and calculate the total and average costs of each selected item, to calculate student’s opportunity costs, to analyse student’s satisfaction with programme, to analyse the cost effective measures taken by academicians for each of three programmes and to assess eleven years admissions and completion and to analyse main objectives of programmes. It was descriptive study based on analysis and comparison of B.Ed programme at Bangladesh Open University (BOU), B.Ed at Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) Pakistan, and degree level/SI teacher training programme at University Terbuka (UT) Indonesia. It used a simple non-linear input and output design of “economic approach” of cost effectiveness analysis. The instruments that were developed to collect data about costs and other relevant features of programme were questionnaires. There were two questionnaires. The first questionnaire was administered to the management of programme. The elements in first questionnaire were; 1-Enrolment, 2-completion, 3-costs of examinations, 4- costs of radio and television transmissions, 5-course presentation costs (tutorial and workshop), 6- costs of printed material, 7-departmental/ establishment costs, 8- cost of building meant for this programme in the main campus of university, 9- objectives of programme and analyses about achievement of objectives, 10-benrolment and completion since 1992 to 2002. viiiThe selected output variables for cost-effectiveness analysis were; (a) Completion rate (b) Student’s satisfaction with programme. (C) The most important objectives of each selected programme were analyzed separately. Independent variables for data analysis were university, gender, age, qualification at the time of admission, profession and who paid the opportunity cost of students. The dependent variables for data analysis were student’s satisfaction with programme and student’s opportunity cost. The purpose to add some queries about the preliminary information was to obtain some of background knowledge about programme. Unit cost per pupil was the criteria for cost effectiveness analysis. The cost function applied for data analysis was; Unit cost = Fixed cost + Variable costs / N The results showed that enrolment was the highest at AIOU during 11 years. The highest average costs of examination were; 93.36 (UT), costs of course presentation were 93.46 (UT), costs of printed material were 98.97 (BOU), and departmental costs were 78.76 (BOU). Radio and television department produced programmes for students of BOU. Average cost of broadcast media was .851 at UT. As far as unit cost per student is concerned it was the lowest at AIOU. The mean scores of total opportunity costs were 411 for UT, 227 for BOU and 458 for AIOU. Student’s satisfaction with programme was highest at UT and lowest at BOU. The result showed that unit cost was lowest at AIOU and programme was the most cost effective due to economy of scale. Income from fee of each programme and item wise costs should be maintained in documents so that the assessment and comparison of programme may be feasible for management and researchers. The cost of examination is high at UT as compared to the other two universities. It is better to work out to lower down the cost of examination at UT. Costs of broadcast media at AIOU are in the margin. AIOU may spend on transmissions for all students of B. Ed. The costs of print and Department at UT are the lowest. AIOU and BOU can benchmark for lower down costs of print and department.
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مولوی محمد عبدالرحمن خاں

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افسوس ہے کہ مخدومی جناب مولوی محمد عبدالرحمن خاں صاحب صدر حیدر آباد اکاڈمی کی رحلت پریہ کلماتِ تعزیت بہت تاخیرسے پیش کیے جارہے ہیں۔ مرحوم اپنے وقت کے بہت بڑے فاضل، علومِ جدیدہ کے محقق، ماہرِ فلکیات اور بہت سی قابلِ قدر انگریزی اور اردو کتابوں کے مصنف تھے۔ ندوۃ المصنفین سے نہایت گہرا اور مخلصانہ ربط وتعلق رکھتے تھے اور ہمیشہ اپنے قیمتی مشوروں سے نوازتے رہتے تھے ۔۱۹۴۴ء میں ادارے کے تعارف اور اس کے حلقوں کی توسیع کے سلسلہ میں حیدرآباد جانا ہوا توجن بزرگوں نے اس خدمت میں بیش از بیش حصّہ لیا تھا اُن میں مرحوم کا نام سرفہرست تھا۔ اس کے علاوہ انھوں نے اپنی بعض گراں قدر تالیفات کے مسودے بھی کسی معاوضے کے بغیر ’’ندوۃ المصنفین ‘‘ کے حوالے کردیے ،چنانچہ ’’قرونِ وسطیٰ کے مسلمانوں کی علمی خدمات‘‘، ’’تاریخ اسلام پرایک طائر انہ نظر‘‘ اور ’’تحفۃ النُظّار‘‘(خلاصہ سفرنامہ ابن بطوطہ)جو مرحوم کی نہایت مفید ،تحقیقی اور اہم تالیفات ہیں اسی ادارے سے شائع ہوئی ہیں۔
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روايات سيرت كى تحقيق كا حديثى معيار

Seerah is a separate Islamic science from Hadith as their primary sources are different. Although there are some extents where there is over laying between them, but traditionally Seerah has different principles as compared to Hadith. The Scholars of Hadith were very strict in applying their rules whereas the scholars of Seerah were more flexible. The reason is, when academics were dealing with Ahadiths and deducingdivine rulings, they wanted to make sure they were founding the rulings on Ahadiths that were authentic and sound. So that is why they applied very stringent rules to accept Ahadith. However, when it came to Seerah, they were more flexible in their rules, because they study this as history of The Prophet PBUH which does not touch the Sharia rulings. So, we find that writers of Seerah would accept narrations, they would not usually accept if they were dealing with Ahadith. This practice with Seerah narrations was followed by our early scholars. But recently, there is a new movement among some of our researchers that they wanted to apply the rules of Ahadith on Seerah. We do not agree this approach and in this article, we have had a humble effort to compile a set of rules for acceptance of Seerah narrations.

Malignant Lymphoma Subtypes in a Private Hospital in Nairobi: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

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